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  • 1
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    Molecular identification of a retinal cell type that responds to upward motion (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-28
    Description: The retina contains complex circuits of neurons that extract salient information from visual inputs. Signals from photoreceptors are processed by retinal interneurons, integrated by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and sent to the brain by RGC axons. Distinct types of RGC respond to different visual features, such as increases or decreases in light intensity (ON and OFF cells, respectively), colour or moving objects. Thus, RGCs comprise a set of parallel pathways from the eye to the brain. The identification of molecular markers for RGC subsets will facilitate attempts to correlate their structure with their function, assess their synaptic inputs and targets, and study their diversification. Here we show, by means of a transgenic marking method, that junctional adhesion molecule B (JAM-B) marks a previously unrecognized class of OFF RGCs in mice. These cells have asymmetric dendritic arbors aligned in a dorsal-to-ventral direction across the retina. Their receptive fields are also asymmetric and respond selectively to stimuli moving in a soma-to-dendrite direction; because the lens reverses the image of the world on the retina, these cells detect upward motion in the visual field. Thus, JAM-B identifies a unique population of RGCs in which structure corresponds remarkably to function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, In-Jung -- Zhang, Yifeng -- Yamagata, Masahito -- Meister, Markus -- Sanes, Joshua R -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):478-82. doi: 10.1038/nature06739.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/*metabolism ; Cell Count ; Cell Shape ; Dendrites/metabolism ; Immunoglobulins ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; *Motion ; Photic Stimulation ; Retina/*cytology/radiation effects ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*cytology/*metabolism/radiation effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Orientation columns in the mouse superior colliculus (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: More than twenty types of retinal ganglion cells conduct visual information from the eye to the rest of the brain. Each retinal ganglion cell type tessellates the retina in a regular mosaic, so that every point in visual space is processed for visual primitives such as contrast and motion. This information flows to two principal brain centres: the visual cortex and the superior colliculus. The superior colliculus plays an evolutionarily conserved role in visual behaviours, but its functional architecture is poorly understood. Here we report on population recordings of visual responses from neurons in the mouse superior colliculus. Many neurons respond preferentially to lines of a certain orientation or movement axis. We show that cells with similar orientation preferences form large patches that span the vertical thickness of the retinorecipient layers. This organization is strikingly different from the randomly interspersed orientation preferences in the mouse's visual cortex; instead, it resembles the orientation columns observed in the visual cortices of large mammals. Notably, adjacent superior colliculus orientation columns have only limited receptive field overlap. This is in contrast to the organization of visual cortex, where each point in the visual field activates neurons with all preferred orientations. Instead, the superior colliculus favours specific contour orientations within approximately 30 degrees regions of the visual field, a finding with implications for behavioural responses mediated by this brain centre.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feinberg, Evan H -- Meister, Markus -- T32 NS007484/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):229-32. doi: 10.1038/nature14103. Epub 2014 Dec 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; 1] Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Calcium/analysis/metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motion ; Neurons/physiology ; Orientation/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Superior Colliculi/anatomy & histology/*cytology/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology ; Visual Fields/physiology ; Wakefulness
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Concerted signaling by retinal ganglion cells (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-11-17
    Description: To analyze the rules that govern communication between eye and brain, visual responses were recorded from an intact salamander retina. Parallel observation of many retinal ganglion cells with a microelectrode array showed that nearby neurons often fired synchronously, with spike delays of less than 10 milliseconds. The frequency of such synchronous spikes exceeded the correlation expected from a shared visual stimulus up to 20-fold. Synchronous firing persisted under a variety of visual stimuli and accounted for the majority of action potentials recorded. Analysis of receptive fields showed that concerted spikes encoded information not carried by individual cells; they may represent symbols in a multineuronal code for vision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meister, M -- Lagnado, L -- Baylor, D A -- EY01543/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY05750/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY10020/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Nov 17;270(5239):1207-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7502047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microelectrodes ; Photic Stimulation ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Urodela ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Rapid neural coding in the retina with relative spike latencies (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: Natural vision is a highly dynamic process. Frequent body, head, and eye movements constantly bring new images onto the retina for brief periods, challenging our understanding of the neural code for vision. We report that certain retinal ganglion cells encode the spatial structure of a briefly presented image in the relative timing of their first spikes. This code is found to be largely invariant to stimulus contrast and robust to noisy fluctuations in response latencies. Mechanistically, the observed response characteristics result from different kinetics in two retinal pathways ("ON" and "OFF") that converge onto ganglion cells. This mechanism allows the retina to rapidly and reliably transmit new spatial information with the very first spikes emitted by a neural population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gollisch, Tim -- Meister, Markus -- R01 EY014737/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1108-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1149639.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Ambystoma ; Animals ; Kinetics ; Models, Neurological ; Photic Stimulation ; Reaction Time ; Retinal Bipolar Cells/physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Saccades ; Synapses/physiology ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology ; Visual Pathways/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An asymptotic expansion of the global discretization error of difference schemes for numerically solving a quasilinear parabolic system of differential equations (1992)
    Springer
    Computing 47 (1992), S. 295-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65 ; Asymptotic expansion ; difference method ; parabolic systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Lösung von stark gekoppelten Systemen quasilinearer parabolischer Differentialgleichungen in einer Raumdimension wird eine Klasse von impliziten, A-stabilen Einschrittdifferenzenverfahren betrachtet. Diese Form der volldiskreten Approximation des Differentialgleichungssystems führt zu nichtlinearen Gleichungssystemen. Für den globalen Diskretisierungsfehler dieser Klasse von finiten Differenzenapproximationen kann eine asymptotische Entwicklung in Potenzen der verwendeten Orts- und Zeitschrittweite hergeleitet werden. Die Kenntnis solcher asymptotischer Entwicklungen erlaubt die theoretisch fundierte Anwendung der globalen- und lokalen Richardson Extrapolation oder von Differenzenkorrekturver-fahren zur Konstruktion konvergeneter und A-stabiler Verfahren höherer Ordnung.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a class of implicit, A-stable one-step difference methods for quasilinear strongly coupled parabolic systems is considered. For the global discretization error of this class of finite difference approximations, an asymptotic expansion in power of the step size with respect to the space and the time coordinates is proved. This result allows to obtain more accurate solutions by the principles of local and global Richardson extrapolation or the method of correction by higher order differences without loss of A-stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02320198
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