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  • 1
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    Research on antimisting fuel for suppression of postcrash aircraft fires (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Recent experimental results in the field of post-crash aircraft fire suppression are reviewed, with emphasis given to antimisting kerosene fuel (AMK). Findings in three major areas of study are presented, including: rheological studies (skin friction, and heat transfer); fuel breakup processes and nozzle spray combustion; and the development of inline blenders for production of AMK at the refueling point. An interpretation of the results of the FAA/NASA Controlled Impact Demonstration of AMK fuel is also presented. It is concluded that AMK is a sound concept and offers several advantages over conventional fuels in any crash scenario involving post-crash fires.
    Keywords: PROPELLANTS AND FUELS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-0573
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Continuous inline blending of antimisting kerosene (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A continuous inline blender was developed to blend polymer slurries with a stream of jet A fuel. The viscosity of the slurries ranged widely. The key element of the blender was a static mixer placed immediately downstream of the slurry injection point. A positive displacement gear pump for jet A was employed, and a progressive cavity rotary screw pump was used for slurry pumping. Turbine flow meters were employed for jet A metering while the slurry flow rate was calibrated against the pressure drop in the injection tube. While using one of the FM-9 variant slurries, a provision was made for a time delay between the addition of slurry and the addition of amine sequentially into the jet A stream.
    Keywords: PROPELLANTS AND FUELS
    Type: FAA Proceedings of Fuel Safety Workshop; p 203-217
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Electronic properties of carbon fibers intercalated with copper chloride (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Copper chloride intercalated pitch-based carbon fibers are found to have electrical resistivities as low as 12.9 micro-ohm-cm, and are air- and thermally-stable at and above room temperature. This is therefore a good candidate system for conductor application. In addition, Shubnikov-deHaas quantum oscillatory effects were found, and electronic properties of the intercalated fiber are studied using magnetic fields to 20 tesla.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 1 (ISSN 0021-4922); 23; 40-43
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Influence of liquid water and water vapor on antimisting kerosene (AMK) (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Experiments have been performed to evaluate the compatibility of liquid water and water vapor with antimisting kerosenes (AMK) containing polymer additive FM-9 developed by Imperial Chemical Industries. This effort consists of the determination of water solubility in AMK, influence of water on restoration (degradation) of AMK, and effect of water on standard AMK quality control methods. The principal conclusions of this investigation are: (1) the uptake of water in AMK critically depends upon the degree of agitation and can be as high as 1300 ppm at 20 C, (2) more than 250 to 300 ppm of water in AMK causes an insoluble second phase to form. The amount of this second phase depends on fuel temperature, agitation, degree of restoration (degradation) and the water content of the fuel, (3) laboratory scale experiments indicate precipitate formation when water vapor comes in contact with cold fuel surfaces at a much lower level of water (125 to 150 ppm), (4) precipitate formation is very pronounced in these experiments where humid air is percolated through a cold fuel (-20 C), (5) laboratory tests further indicate that water droplet settling time is markedly reduced in AMK as compared to jet A, (6) limited low temperature testing down to -30 C under laboratory conditions indicates the formation of stable, transparent gels.
    Keywords: PROPELLANTS AND FUELS
    Type: NASA-CR-170280 , JPL-PUB-82-80 , NAS 1.26:170280
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Metallic conductivity and air stability in copper chloride intercalated carbon fibers (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Carbon-copper chloride intercalation compounds have been obtained by using variously graphitized carbon fibers as host materials. The resultant conductors are air stable, thermally stable to 450 K, have electrical resistivities as low as 12.9 microohm cm at room temperature, and have metallic conductivity temperature dependencies. These intercalated fibers have tensile strengths of 160000 psi, and Young's moduli of 25 x 10 to the 6th psi. For aerospace use, 1/(resistivity x density) is a figure of merit. On this basis, a reduction in resistivity by a factor of two will make this conductor competitive with copper.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 53; Dec. 198
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Antimisting kerosene: Base fuel effects, blending and quality control techniques (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The problems associated with blending of the AMK additive with Jet A, and the base fuel effects on AMK properties are addressed. The results from the evaluation of some of the quality control techniques for AMK are presented. The principal conclusions of this investigation are: significant compositional differences for base fuel (Jet A) within the ASTM specification DI655; higher aromatic content of the base fuel was found to be beneficial for the polymer dissolution at ambient (20 C) temperature; using static mixer technology, the antimisting additive (FM-9) is in-line blended with Jet A, producing AMK which has adequate fire-protection properties 15 to 20 minutes after blending; degradability of freshly blended and equilibrated AMK indicated that maximum degradability is reached after adequate fire protection is obtained; the results of AMK degradability as measured by filter ratio, confirmed previous RAE data that power requirements to decade freshly blended AMK are significantly higher than equilibrated AMK; blending of the additive by using FM-9 concentrate in Jet A produces equilibrated AMK almost instantly; nephelometry offers a simple continuous monitoring capability and is used as a real time quality control device for AMK; and trajectory (jet thurst) and pressure drop tests are useful laboratory techniques for evaluating AMK quality.
    Keywords: PROPELLANTS AND FUELS
    Type: NASA-CR-174509 , JPL-PUB-83-96 , NAS 1.26:174509 , DOT/FAA/CT-83/36 , AD-A137852
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Antimisting kerosene: Low temperature degradation and blending (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The inline filtration characteristics of freshly blended and degraded antimisting fuels (AMK) at low temperature are examined. A needle valve degrader was modified to include partial recirculation of degraded fuel and heat addition in the bypass loop. A pressure drop across the needle valve of up to 4,000 psi was used. The pressure drop across a 325 mesh filter screen placed inline with the degrader and directly downstream of the needle valve was measured as a function of time for different values of pressure drop across the needle valve. A volume flux of 1 gpm/sq in was employed based on the frontal area of the screen. It was found that, at ambient temperatures, freshly blended AMK fuel could be degraded using a single pass degradation at 4,000 psi pressure drop across the needle valve to give acceptable filterability performance. At fuel temperatures below -20 C, degradation becomes increasingly difficult and a single pass technique results in unacceptable filtration performance. Recirculation of a fraction of the degraded fuel and heat addition in the bypass loop improved low temperature degradation performance. The problem is addressed of blending the AMK additive with Jet A at various base fuel temperatures.
    Keywords: PROPELLANTS AND FUELS
    Type: NASA-CR-182725 , JPL-PUB-D-5518 , NAS 1.26:182725 , DOT/FAA/CT-86/3 , AD-A197692
    Format: application/pdf
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