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  • Meteorology and Climatology  (10)
  • Space Transportation and Safety
  • 2015-2019  (9)
  • 2000-2004  (6)
  • 1
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    Scattering of laser light - more than just smoke and mirrors (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-06
    Beschreibung: A short course on off-beam cloud lidar is given. Specific topics addressed include: motivation and goal of off-beam cloud lidar; diffusion physics; numeric amalysis; and validity of the diffusion approximation. A demo of the process is included.
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: Lidar for Meteorologists 101
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Cloud Structure and Cloud-Radiation Interaction: From Smallest Observable Scales (Less than 10 m) to GCM Grid Scales (More than 100 km) (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-18
    Beschreibung: In this presentation we review the fractal nature of internal cloud structure from cm- to km-scales as captured by in-situ probes during long horizontal penetrations by aircraft. We uncover the non-Poissonian spatial distribution of cloud droplets at submeter scales and confirm scale-invariant behavior for large scales. Based on these structural characteristics, we generate simple fractal cloud models that reproduce statistical scaling properties of real clouds. These stochastic models represent a link between nonlinear science, in general, and cloud-radiation interaction, in particular. Next we run three-dimensional radiative transfer computations on these synthetic fractal clouds and compare the structure of the resulting radiation fields with the known structure of the cloud model and with satellite images of real clouds. The different behaviors observed for small and large-scale variabilities will be discussed in detail. We find that while the large-scale fluctuations of the resulting radiation fields resemble those in the original scale-invariant cloud structure, the radiation at small scales is much smoother than its cloud liquid water counterpart. This violates scale-invariance and produces a scale-break at 0.2-0.5 km that is clearly observed in high-resolution satellite data such as from Landsat. Finally, we show how radiative transfer Green function theory in the photon diffusion limit explains (and predicts) the above phenomena of "radiative smoothing."
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: AGU Spring Meeting; May 29, 2001 - Jun 02, 2001; Boston, MA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Alternative Approaches to Mission Control Automation at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: To meet its objective of reducing operations costs without incurring a corresponding increase in risk, NASA is seeking new methods to automate mission operations. This paper examines the state of the art in automating ground operations for space missions. A summary of available technologies and methods for automating mission operations is provided. Responses from interviews with several space mission FOTs (Flight Operations Teams) to assess the degree and success of those technologies and methods implemented are presented. Mission operators that were interviewed approached automation using different tools and methods resulting in varying degrees of success - from nearly completely automated to nearly completely manual. Two key criteria for successful automation are the active participation of the FOT in the planning, designing, testing, and implementation of the system and the relative degree of complexity of the mission.
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: FLAIRS Conference; May 21, 2001 - May 23, 2001; Key West, FL; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    HVI Ballistic Limit Characterization of Fused Silica Thermal Panes (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Fused silica window systems are used heavily on crewed reentry vehicles, and they are currently being used on the next generation of US crewed spacecraft, Orion. These systems improve crew situational awareness and comfort, as well as, insulating the reentry critical components of a spacecraft against the intense thermal environments of atmospheric reentry. Additionally, these materials are highly exposed to space environment hazards like solid particle impacts. This paper discusses impact studies up to 10 km/s on a fused silica window system proposed for the Orion spacecraft. A ballistic limit equation that describes the threshold of perforation of a fuse silica pane over a broad range of impact velocities, obliquities and projectile materials is discussed here.
    Schlagwort(e): Space Transportation and Safety
    Materialart: JSC-CN-32614 , Hypervelocity Impact Symposium; Apr 26, 2015 - Apr 30, 2015; Boulder, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Safety and Mission Assurance in Human Spaceflight (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Space Transportation and Safety
    Materialart: M17-6337 , Annual Wernher von Braun Memorial Symposium; Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 26, 2017; Huntsville, AL; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    2nd Generation RLV Risk Definition Program (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The 2nd Generation RLV Risk Reduction Mid-Term Report summarizes the status of Kelly Space & Technology's activities during the first two and one half months of the program. This report was presented to the cognoscente Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR) and selected Marshall Space Flight Center staff members on 26 September 2000. The report has been approved and is distributed on CD-ROM (as a PowerPoint file) in accordance with the terms of the subject contract, and contains information and data addressing the following: (1) Launch services demand and requirements; (2) Architecture, alternatives, and requirements; (3) Costs, pricing, and business cases analysis; (4) Commercial financing requirements, plans, and strategy; (5) System engineering processes and derived requirements; and (6) RLV system trade studies and design analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): Space Transportation and Safety
    Materialart: KST-006
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Transport of Ice into the Stratosphere and the Humidification of the Stratosphere over the 21st Century (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Climate models predict that tropical lower-stratospheric humidity will increase as the climate warms. We examine this trend in two state-of-the-art chemistry-climate models. Under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, the stratospheric entry value of water vapor increases by approx. 1 part per million by volume (ppmv) over this century in both models. We show with trajectory runs driven by model meteorological fields that the warming tropical tropopause layer (TTL) explains 50-80% of this increase. The remainder is a consequence of trends in evaporation of ice convectively lofted into the TTL and lower stratosphere. Our results further show that, within the models we examined, ice lofting is primarily important on long time scales - on interannual time scales, TTL temperature variations explain most of the variations in lower stratospheric humidity. Assessing the ability of models to realistically represent ice-lofting processes should be a high priority in the modeling community.
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN40564 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 43; 5; 2323–2329
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    A Fast Hybrid (3-D/1-D) Model for Thermal Radiative Transfer in Cirrus via Successive Orders of Scattering (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: We investigate the impact of cirrus cloud heterogeneity on the direct emission by cloud or surface and on the scattering by ice particles in the thermal infrared (TIR). Realistic 3-D cirri are modeled with the 3DCLOUD code, and top-of-atmosphere radiances are simulated by the 3-D Monte Carlo radiative transfer (RT) algorithm 3DMCPOL for two (8.65 micrometers and 12.05 micrometers) channels of the Imaging Infrared Radiometer on CALIPSO. At nadir, comparisons of 1-D and 3-D RT show that 3-D radiances are larger than their 1-D counterparts for direct emission but smaller for scattered radiation. For our cirrus cases, 99% of the 3-D total radiance is computed by the third scattering order, which corresponds to 90% of the total computational effort, but larger optical thicknesses need more scattering orders. To radically accelerate the 3-D RT computations (using only few percent of 3-D RT time with a Monte Carlo code), even in the presence of large optical depths, we develop a hybrid model based on exact 3-D direct emission, the first scattering order from 1-D in each homogenized column, and an empirical adjustment linearly dependent on the optical thickness to account for higher scattering orders. Good agreement is found between the hybrid model and the exact 3-D radiances for two very different cirrus models without changing the empirical parameters. We anticipate that a future deterministic implementation of the hybrid model will be fast enough to process multiangle thermal imagery in a practical tomographic reconstruction of 3-D cirrus fields.
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN39461 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 2169-897X); 122; 1; 344-366
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    3D Radiative Transfer in Cloudy Atmospheres (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-18
    Beschreibung: 3D cloud radiative community has matured enough to prepare a volume on 3D radiative transfer in cloudy atmosphere that will be published by Springer-Verlag this year. Many leading 3D radiative transfer scientists are amongst the co-authors of the book. The book starts with the basic 3D radiative transfer problem, describes its solutions and models, discusses the effects of cloud inhomogeneity for remote sensing, addresses climate problems in realistic atmosphere and studies cloud-vegetation interactions.
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: AGU Spring Annual Meeting; May 17, 2004 - May 21, 2004; Montreal; Canada
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
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    HVI Ballistic Limit Charaterization of Fused Silica Thermal Pane (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: The Orion spacecraft's windows are exposed to the micrometeroid and orbital debris (MMOD) space environments while in space as well as the Earth entry environment at the mission's conclusion. The need for a low-mass spacecraft window design drives the need to reduce conservatism when assessing the design for loss of crew due to MMOD impact and subsequent Earth entry. Therefore, work is underway at NASA and Lockheed Martin to improve characterization of the complete penetration ballistic limit of an outer fused silica thermal pane. Hypervelocity impact tests of the window configuration at up to 10 km/s and hydrocode modeling have been performed with a variety of projectile materials to enable refinement of the fused silica ballistic limit equation.
    Schlagwort(e): Space Transportation and Safety
    Materialart: JSC-CN-31174 , Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS); Apr 27, 2015 - May 01, 2015; Boulder, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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