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  • 1
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    Space shuttle/mesoscale lightning experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A payload integration plan (PIP) is now being developed with Johnson Space Center integration personnel which covers management, structural thermal, electrical power/avionics, training, ground operations, safety requirements, etc., in support of this experiment. If a Shuttle flight can be identified, researchers hope to conduct the experiment in the late summer or fall of 1985. Some preliminary TV lightning data has been collected by Shuttle crews on 41D and 51D and researchers are doing an analysis of it. Additional flights will be conducted to obtain data on Mesoscale Lightning Observations. Researchers will continue to study how to improve the data collection using the onboard TV cameras. By more interaction with the crews who have used the TV camera to obtain TV of lightning, they are planning to optimize the crew time and have better TV camera operations management to produce more useful data. As the crews are better trained in the use of the gain control settings and/or camera iris operations, the quality of the TV data will be improved.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 2
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    Nocturnal photographs taken from a U-2 airplane looking down on tops of clouds illuminated by lightning (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 70; 1263-127
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  • 3
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    Lightning observations from the Space Shuttle (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Motion pictures were taken at night from the space shuttle that show lightning discharges spreading horizontally at speeds of .00001 m/sec for distances over 60 km. Tape recordings were made of the accompanying optical pulses detected with a photocell optical system. The observations show that lightning is often a mesoscale phenomenon that conveys large amounts of electric charge and energy derived from an extensive cloud system into a cloud-to-ground discharge. Several video tape recordings of lightning discharges were obtained on shuttle flights since the termination of the NOSL program. The size and location of the lightning illuminated cloud images is now being analyzed, and comparisons are made with meteorological data concerning the cloud system obtained from the McIDAS.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 111
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Nighttime observations of thunderstorm electrical activity from a high altitude airplane (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Nocturnal thunderstorms were observed from above and features of cloud structure and lightning which are not generally visible from the ground are discussed. Most, lightning activity seems to be associated with clouds with strong convective cauliflower tops. In both of the storms lightning channels were visible in the clear air above the cloud. It is shown that substances produced by thunderstorm electrical discharges can be introduced directly into the stratosphere. The cause and nature of the discharges above the cloud are not clear. They may be produced by accumulations of space charge in the clear air above the cloud. The discharges may arise solely because of the intense electric fields produced by charges within the cloud. In the latter case the ions introduced by these discharges will increase the electrical conductivity of the air above the cloud and increase the conduction current that flows from the cloud to the electrosphere. More quantitative data at higher resolution may show significant spectral differences between cloud to ground and intracloud strokes. It is shown that electric field change data taken with an electric field change meter mounted in an airplane provide data on lightning discharges from above that are quite similar to those obtained from the ground in the past. The optical signals from dart leaders, from return strokes, and from continuing currents are recognizable, can be used to provide information on the fine structure of lightning, and can be used to distinguish between cloud to ground and intracloud flashes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 91-92
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Lightning to the ionosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that most lightning discharges take place within clouds or between clouds and the ground. There are a few reports, however, of a much rarer form of lightning that has been observed to come out of the top of the thunderstorm cloud and extend vertically for some distance into the clear air above it. A description is presented of the observations of such an incident made by a NASA pilot. The incident occurred when the pilot was flying a T-38 jet aircraft at an altitude of about 40,000 feet over Amarillo in Texas. The pilot found himself behind an extremely fast-moving very large cold front. A large number of lightning flashes could be seen. While most of the lightning flashes were typical, approximately every 50th or 100th discharge would go from the top of a cloud vertically upwards through the clear air towards the ionosphere. Explanations for these observations are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Weatherwise; Apr. 198
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  • 6
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    Photographs of lightning from the Space Shuttle (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The equipment used in the Nighttime Daytime Optical Survey of Lightning experiment, carried out on the second and fourth Space Shuttle missions, is described. Attention is then given to one of the more spectacular lightning photographs, that of a Y-shaped discharge taken by Thomas K. Mattingly II on the night of June 29, 1982, over southern Brazil. Since the orientation of the camera with respect to the earth is not known, the scale of the photograph cannot be determined accurately. If the camera had been looking directly down from the vehicle at its altitude of 300 km, the Y-shaped pattern would be approximately 60 km long and 40 km wide. If, as is thought probable, the camera was not looking directly down, the pattern would have somewhat greater dimensions. The photographs show that illumination from lightning discharges can cover a rather wide area.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 64
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  • 7
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    Observations of optical lightning emissions from above thunderstorms using U-2 aircraft (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In order to determine how to achieve orders of magnitude improvement in spatial and temporal resolution and in sensitivity of satellite lightning sensors, better quantitative measurements of the characteristics of the optical emissions from lightning as observed from above tops of thunderclouds are required. A number of sensors have been developed and integrated into an instrument package and flown aboard a NASA U-2 aircraft. The objectives have been to acquire optical lightning data needed for designing the lightning mapper sensor, and to study lightning physics and the correlation of lightning activity with storm characteristics. The instrumentation and observations of the program are reviewed and their significance for future research is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 64
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  • 8
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    Low light level TV images of lightning from space (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 65; 373
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  • 9
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    Nighttime observations of thunderstorm electrical activity from a high altitude airplane (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations of nocturnal thunderstorms from three aerial cameras flown at an altitude of 20 km and at an airspeed of 200 m/s are analyzed and compared with previous ground-based observations. Both diffuse illumination in the cloud and unobscured segments of lightning channels a kilometer or longer in clear air around and above the cloud are observed. A similarity is noted to exist between the airborne and the ground-based lightning spectra registered. It is further asserted that discrimination between cloud-to-ground and intracloud flashes and the counting of ground strokes can be achieved through the use of optical pulse pairs identified with leader return-stroke events in the cloud-to-ground flashes studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 6111-612
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  • 10
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    Mesoscale observations of lightning from Space Shuttle (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Motion pictures have been taken at night by astronauts on the space shuttle showing lightning discharge that spread horizontally at speeds of 100,000/msec for distances over 60 km. Tape recordings have been made of the accompanying optical pulses detected with a photocell optical system. The observations show that lightning is often a mesoscale phenomena that can convey large amounts of electric charge to earth from an extensive cloud system via a cloud to ground discharge.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 66; 20-29
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