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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data from Nimbus-7 ERB wide field-of-view instruments are compared with results from the ERBE instruments aboard the NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 satellites. Over most regions of the globe, the agreement between the two sets of OLR results is generally to within 8 W/sq m. There are larger differences at higher latitudes and regions concentrated over land and desert. Results of daytime and nighttime differences suggest that the shortwave channels may be at fault due to their different design for Nimbus-7 and NOAA-9. Some of the differences may also be related to different viewing geometry of the two satellites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 32; 5; p. 813-824.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data from ERBE wide-field-of-view (WFOV) and scanning sensor are compared with Nimbus-7 WFOV results. Monthly averaged OLR data from the ERBE WFOV instruments aboard the NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 polar orbiting satellites during the 3-year overlap period with Nimbus-7 are deconvolved using spherical harmonics. Results of a comparison of the data sets are presented on regional, zonal, and global scales in the spatial domain and on a monthly scale in the time domain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, 6th, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 5-10, 1992, Preprints (A93-36051 14-47); p. 201-204.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The method of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) was applied to a 10-yr data set of outgoing longwave radiation. Spherical harmonic functions are used as a basis set for producing equal area map results. The first EOF accounts for 66 percent of the variance. After that, each EOF accounts for only a small variance, forming a slowly converging series. The first two EOFs describe mainly the annual cycle. The third EOF is primarily the semiannual cycle although many other EOFs also contain significant semiannual parts. These results reaffirm those based on a shorter data set. In addition, a much stronger spring/fall mode was found in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean for the second EOF than was found earlier. The fourth EOF describes much of the 1976 to 1977 and 1982 to 1983 ENSO phenomena. There is typically a gap in the spectrum between a semiannual peak and the annual cycle for all but the first EOF. A semiannual OLR dipole straddles the Asian-Australian monsoon track.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D12,; 12
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The theory of deconvolution of wide field of view Earth radiation measurements is applied to Nimbus 6 ERB data. Results with a 15 deg resolution are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 299-303
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) consisted of a scanning radiometer and non-scanning radiometers on each of three spacecraft. These instruments began flying in October 1984. The nonscanning radiometers continue to operate, providing broadband radiation measurements of the Earth's outgoing longwave radiation and reflected solar radiation, in addition to measurements of the solar output. The Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System (CERES) features a scanning radiometer, which is an improved version of the ERBE scanning radiometer, and will fly on the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission and Earth Observation System platforms in the late nineties. The CERES project will provide not only radiant fluxes at the 'top of the atmosphere' (TOA), but also at the surface and will compute radiant flux divergence through the atmosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 1; p. (1)81-(1)84
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  • 6
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A variational principle for time dependent diffusion problems is presented and is demonstrated by applying it to simple seasonal climate models. Two cases are treated. The first, a North-Coakley-type model with constant properties, is used as a tutorial example for the application of the technique. For the second case, heat capacity and thermal conductivity are considered to be latitude dependent in order to treat the effects of land/ocean distribution on the seasonal temperature distribution over the earth. The variational equations are derived and approximate analytical solutions are developed which delineate the influences of the physical asymmetries of the hemispheres in producing an asymmetric annual cycle.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2601-260
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comparison of bidirectional reflectance models developed by radiative transfer theory calculations with empirical models developed from Nimbus 7 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) measurements indicates good overall comparison, with rms differences of about 10 percent for solar zenith angles lower than 60 deg. The results of these comparisons demonstrate that the theoretical model provides a good description of the reflected radiance fields of clouds as seen by satellite. A cloud model based on Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data was also compared with the Nimbus 7 general cloud model, and it is found that bidirectional models which compare well with the Nimbus 7 ERB results can be reproduced using GOES data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 24; 396-401
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The geographical distribution of the annual mean and the annual cycle in surface temperature and satellite-observed IR is examined, and the spherical harmonic representation of the data fields is exploited to demonstrate how variances and covariances are dominated by the largest space and time scales. The geographical distribution of the annual cycle in the T and IR fields is explored; the strong imprint of the continents in both is clearly evident. The influence of the cloudiness of seasonal precipitation regimes on the IR annual cycle is also quite striking, especially over the subtropics. Analysis of the data shows that the simple form IR = A+BT (with A = 204 W/sq m and B = 1.93 W/sq m/K) explains 90 percent of the area-weighted variance in the annual mean and annual cycle of the zonally averaged IR field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1222-123
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Monthly averaged, resolution enhanced global distributions of the earth's emitted radiation, as measured by the Nimbus-6 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) wide field of view radiometers, have been analyzed for 1 year of data from July 1975 to June 1976. These distributions are expressed in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients, and time and space variability of the emitted radiation field is studied in terms of these coefficients. The average annual distribution accounts for 78 percent of the space-time power, and the annual cycle accounts for 17 percent of the power. Spatial variations over the globe are described in terms of degree variance, and longitudinal variations are described in terms of spectral power as a function of latitude. The longitudinal spectra were found to vary strongly with time.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; April 19
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  • 10
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Most empirical studies estimating the climate sensitivity due to cloud amount are based on calculating a cloud sensitivity parameter by means of satellite measurements. A different way to estimate the interaction between clouds and radiation is to determine the effect of radiative heating and cooling by clouds on the generation of available potential energy (GAPE). This provides a measure of the influence of clouds on the general circulation. The radiative contribution of clouds to the GAPE is given by the net cloud generated radiative heating (CGRH) and an efficiency factor. The CGRH, parameterized in terms of cloud type, height, and optical depth, can be estimated from satellite measurements. The efficiency factor is only a function of the temperature distribution of the atmosphere. Thus, taking satellite measurements as for instance those of the ISCCP, the radiative impact of clouds on the general circulation can be inferred.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 9; 7, 19
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