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  • 1
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    Total ozone trends over the USA during 1979-1991 from Dobson spectrophotometer observations (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Ozone trends for 1979-1991, determined from Dobson spectrophotometer observations made at eight stations in the United States, are augmented with trend data from four foreign cooperative stations operated by NOAA/CMDL. Results are based on provisional data archived routinely throughout the years at the World Ozone Data Center in Toronto, Canada, with calibration corrections applied to some of the data. Trends through 1990 exhibit values of minus 0.3 percent to minus 0.5 percent yr(exp -1) at mid-to-high latitudes in the northern hemisphere. With the addition of 1991 data, however, the trends become less negative, indicating that ozone increased in many parts of the world during 1991. Stations located within the plus or minus 20 deg N-S latitude band exhibit no ozone trends. Early 1992 data show decreased ozone values at some of the stations. At South Pole, Antarctica, October ozone values have remained low during the past 3 years.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 1; p 195-198
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  • 2
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    Satellite observation of atmosphere and surface interaction parameters (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Atmosphere and ocean surface parameters are being derived from weather satellite data acquired by the High Resolution Infrared Sounder and the Microwave Sounding Unit. In this paper, the global distribution and accuracy of the derived parameters are described, and the satellite-derived skin surface temperature is compared with available shelter temperature. Seasonal and interannual changes are examined to study the response time of large-scale atmospheric changes to changes in surface conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 111-117
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  • 3
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    The use of visible-channel data from NOAA satellites to measure total ozone amount over Antarctica (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Accurate, detailed maps of total ozone were not available until the launch of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) in late 1978. However, the Scanning Radiometer (SR), an instrument on board the NOAA series satellites during the 1970s, had a visible channel that overlapped closely with the Chappuis absorption band of ozone. We are investigating whether data from the SR can be used to map Antarctic ozone prior to 1978. The method is being developed with 1980s data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), which succeeded the SR on the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites. Visible-derived total ozone maps can then be compared able on the NOAA satellites, which precludes the use of a differential absorption technique to measure ozone. Consequently, our method works exclusively over scenes whose albedos are large and unvarying, i.e. scenes that contain ice sheets and/or uniform cloud-cover. Initial comparisons of time series for October-December 1987 at locations in East Antarctica show that the visible absorption by ozone in measurable and that the technique may be usable for the 1970s, but with much less accuracy than TOMS. This initial test assumes that clouds, snow, and ice all reflect the same percentage of visible light towards the satellite, regardless of satellite position or environmental conditions. This assumption is our greatest source of error. To improve the accuracy of ozone retrievals, realistic anisotropic reflectance factors are needed, which are strongly influenced by cloud and snow surface features.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 938-941
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  • 4
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    Status of the Dobson total ozone data set (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: During deliberations of the International Ozone Trends Panel (IOTP) it became obvious that satellite determinations of global ozone amounts by themselves could not provide the necessary confidence in the measured trends. During the time of the deliberations of the IOTP, Bojkov re-examined the records of serveral North American Dobson stations and Degorska re-examined the records of the Belsk station. They were able to improve the quality of the data sets, thus improving the precision of their total ozone data sets. These improvements showed the greater potential of the world-wide Dobson total ozone data set in two primary areas. Firstly, the improvements showed that the existing data set when evaluated will become more valuable for comparisons with satellite determinations of total ozone. Secondly, the Dobson data set covers a greater period of time than the satellite data sets thus offering the possibility of extending improved information on ozone trends further back in time. An International Dobson Workshop was convened in September, 1991, under the auspices of the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program. It was part of the Information Management element of the C&GC Program. Further, it was considered as a 'data archaeology' project under the above. Clearly if the existing Dobson data set can be improved by re-evaluating all data records, we will be able to uncover the 'true' or 'best' data and fulfill the role of archaeologists.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 1; p 263-265
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  • 5
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    The role of radiation in mesoscale flows: Physics, parameterizations, codes (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The topics discussed include the following: an overview of radiation and mesoscale flows and lessons learned from the intercomparison of GCM radiative codes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Report of the Proceedings of the Colloquium and Workshop on Multiscale Coupled Modeling; p 42-43
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  • 6
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    Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) has been observing the earth during the past 4 years from three satellites. Numerous validation procedures have been applied to the data. Particularly important have been intercomparisons between three channels of scanning radiometers and wide and medium field-of-view radiometers. These intercomparisons and onboard calibration targets have provided assurance of high data quality. In addition to the classic radiation budget parameters: global absorbed and emitted energy, ERBE is producing fluxes on scales of 250 km that can significantly increase understanding of the earth's climate. Of particular interest are ERBE measurements of clear-sky albedos and longwave fluxes, which are part of the ERBE data products. Use of data from the precessing ERBE satellite together with data from the sun-synchronous NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 satellites also provides information on the diurnal cycle of shortwave and longwave fluxes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 9; 7, 19
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  • 7
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    Ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere, part 2 (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This is the second of a 2-part Conference Publication. This document contains papers presented at the 1992 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium held at Charlottesville, Virginia, from June 4-13, 1992. The papers cover topics in both Tropospheric and Stratospheric research. These topics include ozone trends and climatology, ground based, aircraft, balloon, rocket and satellite measurements, Arctic and Antarctic research, global and regional modeling, and volcanic effects.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CP-3266-PT-2 , REPT-94B00062-PT-2 , NAS 1.55:3266-PT-2 , Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1992; Jun 04, 1992 - Jun 13, 1992; Charlottesville, VA; United States
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  • 8
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    Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, part 1 (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This is the first part of a 2-part Conference Publication. This document contains papers presented at the 1992 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium held at the Charlottesville, Virginia, from June 4-13, 1992. The papers cover topics in both Tropospheric and Stratospheric research. These topics include ozone trends and climatology, ground based, aircraft, balloon, rocket and satellite measurements, Arctic and Antarctic research, global and regional modeling, and volcanic effects.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CP-3266-PT-1 , REPT-94B00062-PT-1 , NAS 1.55:3266-PT-1 , Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1992; Jun 04, 1992 - Jun 13, 1992; Charlottesville, VA; United States
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  • 9
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    Surface net solar radiation estimated from satellite measurements - Comparisons with tower observations (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A parameterization that relates the reflected solar flux at the top of the atmosphere to the net solar flux at the surface in terms of only the column water vapor amount and the solar zenith angle was tested against surface observations. Net surface fluxes deduced from coincidental collocated satellite-measured radiances and from measurements from towers in Boulder during summer and near Saskatoon in winter have mean differences of about 2 W/sq m, regardless of whether the sky is clear or cloudy. Furthermore, comparisons between the net fluxes deduced from the parameterization and from surface measurements showed equally good agreement when the data were partitioned into morning and afternoon observations. This is in contrast to results from an empirical clear-sky algorithm that is unable to account adequately for the effects of clouds and that shows, at Boulder, a distinct morning to afternoon variation. It is also demonstrated that the parameterization may be applied to irradiances at the top of the atmosphere that have been temporally averaged. The good agreement between the results of the parameterization and surface measurements suggests that the algorithm is a useful tool for a variety of climate studies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 6; 9; p. 1764-1772.
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  • 10
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    Impact of clouds on the shortwave radiation budget of the surface-atmosphere system for snow-covered surfaces (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Recent data from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) have raised the question as to whether or not the addition of clouds to the atmospheric column can decrease the top-of-the atmosphere (TOA) albedo over bright snow-covered surface. To address this issue, ERBE shortwave pixel measurements have been collected with surface insolation measurements made at two snow-covered locations: the South Pole and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Both collected datasets show a negative correlation (with solar zenith angle variability removed) between TOA albedo and surfaces insolation. Because increased cloudiness acts to reduce surface insolation, these negative correlations demonstrate that clouds increase the TOA albedo at both snow-covered locations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 7; 4; p. 579-585
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