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  • 1
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    Mesoscale spiral vortex embedded within a Lake Michigan snow squall band - High resolution satellite observations and numerical model simulations (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is known that Great Lakes snow squall convection occurs in a variety of different modes depending on various factors such as air-water temperature contrast, boundary-layer wind shear, and geostrophic wind direction. An exceptional and often neglected source of data for mesoscale cloud studies is the ultrahigh resolution multispectral data produced by Landsat satellites. On October 19, 1972, a clearly defined spiral vortex was noted in a Landsat-1 image near the southern end of Lake Michigan during an exceptionally early cold air outbreak over a still very warm lake. In a numerical simulation using a three-dimensional Eulerian hydrostatic primitive equation mesoscale model with an initially uniform wind field, a definite analog to the observed vortex was generated. This suggests that intense surface heating can be a principal cause in the development of a low-level mesoscale vortex.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 116; 1374-138
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  • 2
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    Final results of an experiment in operational forecasting of sea breeze thunderstorms using a mesoscale numerical model (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Sea breeze thunderstorms during quiescent synoptic conductions account for 40 percent of Florida rainfall, and are the dominant feature of April-October weather at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). An effort is presently made to assess the feasibility of a mesoscale numerical model in improving the point-specific thunderstorm forecasting accuracy at the KSC, in the 2-12 hour time frame. Attention is given to the Applied Regional Atmospheric Modeling System.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: Symposium on Weather Forecasting, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 5-10, 1992, Preprints (A93-39751 15-47); p. 181-188.
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  • 3
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    Validation of mesocale number sea breeze thunderstorm forecasts over Florida using LPATS - The Lightning Position and Tracking System (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The research reported in the present paper has the objective to develop improved operational techniques for sea breeze (SB) initiated convective storms. It is pointed out that the sea breeze is a relatively simple mesoscale circulation. The considered studies are mainly concerned with detailed thunderstorm potential forecasts during the next several hours, taking into account real-time predictions using new supercomputer technology. Thunderstorm and coastal mesoscale circulations are discussed along with the P3DM model sea. The considered code represents the result of a further development of the NOAA Florida sea breeze model which was introduced by Pielke (1974). After its modificataion, the model was renamed the Prognostic Three Dimensional Mesoscale (P3DM) Model, with its 2-D connterpart the P2DM. Attention is also given to real time climatology, and a case study concerned with developments occurring on 5 May 1984 over the Florida Peninsula.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 4
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    In situ measurements of ship tracks (1990)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It has long been known that cloud droplet concentrations are strongly influenced by cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and that anthropogenic sources of pollution can affect CCN concentrations. More recently it has been suggested that CCN may play an important role in climate through their effect on cloud albedo. A interesting example of the effect of anthropogenic CCN on cloud albedo is the so-called 'ship track' phenomenon. Ship tracks were first observed in satellite imagery when the ship's emissions were evidently needed for the formation of a visible cloud. However, they appear more frequently in satellite imagery as modifications to existing stratus and stratocumulus clouds. The tracks are seen most clearly in satellite imagery by comparing the radiance at 3.7 microns with that at 0.63 and 11 microns. To account for the observed change in radiance, droplet concentrations must be high, and the mean size of the droplets small, in ship tracks. Researchers describe what they believe to be the first in situ measurements in what appears to have been a ship track.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Langley Research Center, FIRE Science Results 1988; p 291-293
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Short range forecasting of sea breeze generated thunderstorms at the Kennedy Space Center: A real-time experiment using a primitive equation mesoscale numerical model (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The operational efficiency of using guidance from a mesoscale numerical model to improve sea breeze thunderstorm forecasts at and around the Shuttle landing strip was assessed. The Prognostic Three-Dimensional Mesoscale (P3DM) model, developed as a sea breeze model, reveals a strong correlation between regions of mesoscale convergence and the triggering of sea breeze convection thunderstorms. The P3DM was modified to generate stability parameters familiar to the operational forecaster. In addition to the mesoscale fields of wind, vertical motion, moisture, temperature, a stability indicator, a combination of model-predicted K and Lifted Indices and the maximum grid cell vertical motion, were proposed and tested. Results of blind tests indicate that a forecaster, provided with guidance derived from model output, could improve local thunderstorm forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting; p 503-508
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  • 6
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    Forecasting sea breeze thunderstorms at the Kennedy Space Center using the Prognostic Three-Dimensional Mesoscale Model (P 3DM) (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A Prognostic Three-Dimensional Model (P3DM) to produce 1- to 12-hr predictions of sea breeze convective (SBC) storms at KSC is described. The P3DM was developed to account for a scale of about 10 km, interactions between surface heat and moisture fluxes, boundary layer convergence, the movement of moisture into cloud formation zones, and alterations in the convective potential in the lower levels of the atmosphere during the diurnal cycle. Initialized with wind, temperature, specific humidity and local water temperature data, the model allows for the distortion of the boundary layer moisture and thermal fields by sea breeze conditions. The results of three simulations of events leading to the onset of SBC storms are presented to demonstrate the model's capabilities, and techniques which may enhance the accuracy of the predictions are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 7
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    Observations of lightning in convective supercells within tropical storms and hurricanes (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning observations from land-based lightning detection networks now allow monitoring this component of the electrical structure of tropical storms and hurricanes within a few hundred kilometers of the United States coastline. Several case studies confirm the long-held opinion that lightning is rather common within the outer rainbands. The general absence of CG lightning within the interior of mature tropical cyclones is also apparent. On the other hand, bursts of CG lightning near the circulation center of developing storms appear to precede periods of further deepening. The CG events are associated with convective supercells, whose anvil canopies can often obscure much of the underlying storm. Near-eyewall CG bursts preceding periods of intensification were noted in Hurricanes Diana (1984) and Florence (1988). A detailed case study of the 1987 unnamed tropical storm that struck the Texas-Louisiana coastline reveals that lightning was associated with two large supercells. These supercells appeared to be the trigger for the development of a closed circulation that formed several hours after the apparent low pressure center made landfall. Further studies of lightning may provide additional insight into the role of convective supercells in tropical storm intensification. It may also provide a useful diagnostic of impending deepening.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 122; 8; p. 1897-1916
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  • 8
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    Low-light video observations of frequent luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A new series of video measurements were made of the phenomenon provisionally termed the cloud-to-stratosphere (CS) event, an electrical discharge extending to great heights above thunderstorm tops. This new series of measurements were accomplished by properly positioning a sensor, the Xybion model ISS 225 low-light monochrome imaging system with a C-mount fl.8 manual zoom lens, and training it on the appropriate portion of the sky above a distant thunderstorm complex mean Fort Collins, Colorado. The resulting images are currently undergoing intensive analysis. Some tentative conclusions are given. Cloud-to-stratosphere events occur far more frequently than previously suspected and are perhaps a ubiquitous aspect of many larger convective systems. Cloud-to-stratosphere events are also of substantial horizontal extent, on the order of tens of kilometers in some cases.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 122; 8; p. 1940-1946
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  • 9
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    Linear simulation of the stationary eddies in a general circulation model. I - The no-mountain model (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A linear primitive-equation stationary-wave model is developed to describe Northern Hemisphere winter stationary eddies on a sphere, and simulation results are compared with the predictions of a flat-lower-boundary GCM in extensive graphs and maps. The linear model is shown to reproduce the general behavior of the GCM well, with 10-30-percent underestimation of amplitudes in the Northern Hemisphere extratropical upper troposphere. The response to global heating plus transient eddy flux convergences is then decomposed into responses to total tropical forcing (heating plus transients) and total extratropical forcing (upper and lower tropospheric transients and latent, sensible, and radiative heating). The quality of the simulation is found to deteriorate rapidly if transient forcing is omitted, although somewhat better results are obtained by substituting thermal damping for transient forcing. The importance of low-level-transient parameterization for theories of time-mean low-level flow is emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 43; 2944-296
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  • 10
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    Linear simulation of the stationary eddies in a GCM. II - The 'Mountain' model (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Linear stationary wave theory is used to account for zonal asymmetries of the winter-averaged tropospheric circulation obtained in a GCM. The eddy zonal velocity field in the upper troposphere indicates that the orographic and thermal plus transient contributions are nearly equal in amplitude, while the eddy meridional velocity field (which is dominated by shorter zonal scales) shows the orographic contribution to be dominant. The two contributions are found to be roughly in phase over the east Asian coast, and they contribute roughly equal amounts to the low level Siberian high. Results indicate that the 300 mb extratropical response to tropical forcing reaches 50 gpm over Alaska, and that the responses to sensible heating and lower tropospheric transients are strongly anticorrelated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 45; 1433-145
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