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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (204)
  • 1985-1989  (204)
  • 1
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    Spatial and temporal characteristics of global cloud cover as observed from the Nimbus-7 satellite (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spatial and temporal characteristics of the total cloud amount (TCA) were determined on the bases of 2 yr of data collected by Nimbus-7. The instruments used were the 11.5 microns channel of the Temperature Humidity IR radiometer and the 0.38 micron channel of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. Comparisons were made between long-term averages and large variations during the El Nino/Southern Oscillation event of 1982/83. Separate attention was also given to the TCA for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and to TCA averages over specific large-scale global features such as deserts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    The radiative budget of tropical clouds - A case study (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data collected during flight 9 of the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP), in Australia (1987), are used in an attempt to define the nature of one particular cirrus outflow region and its radiative impact. To explore the mechanisms by which air is exchanged between the stratosphere and troposphere, a series of instruments was flown on the NASA ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft to make measurements relevant to the radiative budget of tropical clouds. The data acquired included upwelling infrared radiance at 10.5 and 6.5 microns (spectral bandwidth of 1 micron); net infrared flux (spectral bandwidth of 3 to 40 microns); cloud particle size distribution; water-vapor and total water (vapor plus condensed phase); aerosol particle size distribution; and ambient temperature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Symposium on the Role of Clouds in Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Climate; Jan 30, 1989 - Feb 03, 1989; Anaheim, CA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Importance of a remote measurement of spectral thermal infrared emissivities - Presentation and validation of such a determination (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 121-127
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  • 4
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    Intercomparison between Nimbus-7 cirrus cloud data and ERB measurements (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nimbus-7 and Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) data were compared with the quantity of high, thin cirrus clouds over a 6 yr period. Three separate data analysis techniques are described which were used to derive cloud cover and total upwelling radiance values from the satellite data. Zonal average cirrus clouds amounts are compared with surface observations and SAGE satellite data, and comparisons are made between the cloud amount estimates made with ERB data and data from other Nimbus-7 instruments. All Nimbus-7 instrumental data indicated cloud amounts and frequency of occurrence patterns which were commensurate with surface observations, except in high latitude zones.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 5
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    Reflectivity of earth's surface and clouds in ultraviolet from satellite observations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer on board Nimbus 7 is used to infer the UV surface and cloud reflectance at 370 nm. Cloudless surface reflectivity was analyzed on a global basis for all surface types for several months. The UV surface reflectivity varies from 2 percent for some forest and grassland regions to 14 percent for some sandy desert areas. A notable exception is the large salt flats of Bolivia, which have a reflectivity of about 60 percent. Cloud reflectivity was also analyzed for clouds located at three levels in the atmosphere, as determined by the 11.5 micron channel of the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer. Average cloud reflectivity at 370 nm ranges from 52 percent for low clouds (tops less than 2 km) to 76 percent for high clouds (tops greater than 7 km at the equator, decreasing to greater than 4 km at poles).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4287-429
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  • 6
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    The Nimbus-7 Global Cloud Climatology (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Nimbus-7 Global Cloud Climatology (N7GCC) has been produced from measurements made between April 1979 and March 1985 using the Temperature Humidity IR Radiometer and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer on the Nimbus-7 satellite. The N7GCC gives, near local noon and midnight, the fractional area covered by high-level, middle-level, and low-altitude clouds, and the total fractional area covered by all clouds. Statistics for cirrus, deep convective, and warm low-altitude clouds and the cloud and clear-sky radiances with correlative surface temperatures are also included. The N7GCC is compared with other cloud data sets, including the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 69; 743-752
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  • 7
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    Heating rates in tropical anvils (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The interaction of infrared and solar radiation with tropical cirrus anvils is addressed. Optical properties of the anvils are inferred from satellite observations and from high-altitude aircraft measurements. An infrared multiple-scattering model is used to compute heating rates in tropical anvils. Layer-average heating rates in 2 km thick anvils were found to be on the order of 20 to 30 K/day. The difference between heating rates at cloud bottom and cloud top ranges from 30 to 200 K/day, leading to convective instability in the anvil. The calculations are most sensitive to the assumed ice water content, but also are affected by the vertical distribution of ice water content and by the anvil thickness. Solar heating in anvils is shown to be less important than infrared heating but not negligible. The dynamical implications of the computed heating rates are also explored and it is concluded that the heating may have important consequences for upward mass transport in the tropics. The potential impact of tropical cirrus on the tropical energy balance and cloud forcing are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 45; 1606-162
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  • 8
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    Synoptic scale forecast skill and systematic errors in the MASS 2.0 model (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The synoptic scale performance characteristics of MASS 2.0 are determined by comparing filtered 12-24 hr model forecasts to same-case forecasts made by the National Meteorological Center's synoptic-scale Limited-area Fine Mesh model. Characteristics of the two systems are contrasted, and the analysis methodology used to determine statistical skill scores and systematic errors is described. The overall relative performance of the two models in the sample is documented, and important systematic errors uncovered are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1714-173
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  • 9
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    Observation of El Nino by the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The quality of Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) derived SST, water vapor, and windspeed are assessed, and these parameters are used to study the El Nino event of 1982-1983 in the equatorial Pacific region from 120 deg to the South American coast. The features of the anomaly fields for these parameters, and the connections between these fields, are discussed. Anomaly fields are found to be qualitatively consistent with outgoing longwave radiation anomaly fields and wind vector anomaly fields.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 10
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    Heating rates in tropical anvils (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An IR radiative transfer model for cirrus clouds was developed on the basis of data acquired with a U-2 aircraft. The emission and scattering of radiation was expressed with a two-stream algorithm that considered the cloud in 10 layers. Exponential sums were employed to quantify gaseous absorption by H2O, CO2 and O3 over the IR spectrum of 4.5-250 microns. Ice water content had the greatest impact on radiative heating of the high altitude anvils, although the vertical extent of the anvil and the cloudiness of the underlying atmosphere were also important.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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