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  • Lacertilia  (6)
  • Springer  (6)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strike-induced chemosensory searching is absent in the cordylid lizard,Cordylus cordylus, a scleroglossan ambush forager (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: strike-induced chemosensory searching ; foraging ; tongue-flicking ; Lacertilia ; Cordylidae ; Cordylus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) was not detected experimentally in the cordylid lizard,Cordylus cordylus. Both components of SICS, a post-strike elevation in tongue-flick rate (PETF) and searching movements for attacked and released prey, were absent. The findings are consistent with previous data showing that PETF and/or SICS are lacking in all lizard families yet studied that forage primarily by ambush, but are present in actively foraging scleroglossan families and the herbivorous iguanian family Iguanidae. It is suggested that foraging behavior is a primary determinant of the presence or absence of SICS in lizards. Nevertheless, in most families in the two major clades, Iguania and Scleroglossa, the plesiomorphic foraging mode is retained. The findings agree with the prediction that SICS is absent in families lacking lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination (PCD), presumably due to selection against movement by ambush foragers that avoid being detected by either prey or predators because they remain motionless. Although PETF and SICS were absent, labial-licking and lingual movements similar to those observed after swallowing increased after biting prey, suggesting that the functions of these lingual movements may have been related to grooming. Locomotory movements did not increase following biting and appeared to represent avoidance of the experimenter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259973
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strike-induced chemosensory searching by a teiid lizard, the golden tegu (Tupinambis nigropunctatus) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: strike-induced chemosensory searching ; search behavior ; foraging ; feeding behavior ; tongue-flicking ; Reptilia ; Lacertilia ; Teiidae ; Tupinambis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) is experimentally demonstrated in a teiid lizard,Tupinambis nigropunctatus. SICS consists of a concurrent post-strike elevation in tongue-flick rate (PETF) and searching movements after voluntary release or escape of bitten prey or removal of prey from the predator's mouth. The results are consistent with previous data showing that PETF and/or SICS occur in all families of scleroglossan lizards and snakes and all families of actively foraging lizards yet studied. The relatively short duration of SICS (2 min) in a lizard having lingual and vomeronasal structure highly specialized for chemosensory sampling and analysis suggests that phylogenetic and ecological factors may be more important than morphology in determining the duration. The greatest known durations occur only in the presumably monophyletic clade containing varanoid lizards and snakes, all of which have highly developed chemical sampling and chemoreceptor apparatus, but in addition feed on prey that has a high probability of being relocated by prolonged scent-trailing. Because only active foragers move through the habitat while tongue-flicking and exhibit lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination, only active foragers may be expected to use SICS. SICS would appear to be useless to an ambush forager and might disrupt its defensive crypticity, rendering it more detectable to predators and prey. Therefore, it may be predicted that SICS is adaptively adjusted to foraging mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241677
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of movement and eating on chemosensory tongue-flicking and on labial-licking in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: tongue-flicking ; labial-licking ; feeding ; foraging ; Lacertilia ; Eublepharidae ; Eublepharis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two forms of lingual protrusion, tongueflicking and labial-licking, were differentially affected by combinations of movement and eating conditions in a eublepharid gecko (Eublepharis macularius). Tongue-flicking, in which the tongue contacts substrates beyond the lizard's body, occurred at increased rates during locomotion and during locomotion was significantly more frequent after eating than in a baseline condition. Labial-licking, in which a protruded portion of the tongue touches the labial, mental or rostral scales that surround the mouth, increased after eating. Unlike tongue-flick rates, by far the highest labial-lick rates were observed in stationary lizards after eating. The elevated tongue-flicking rates during movement after eating may be a manifestation of a postingestive chemosensory search for prey. In addition to grooming, several possible chemosensory functions of labial-licking are discussed, including gustatory sampling, sampling prey chemicals on the labials for transfer to the vomeronasal system, and redistribution of chemicals on the tongue to enhance transfer. It is suggested that labial-licking might help motionless lizards maintain vigilance for visual prey stimuli associated with the specific chemical prey cues. Another possible explanation for the increased labial-lick rate while motionless after eating is that prey chemicals induce tongue-flicking, but that the distance protruded is lessened and the tongue does not contact environmental substrates. Tongue-flicking while stationary is unlikely to lead to detection of additional prey and might incur detection by the lizard's predators or prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01266310
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strike-induced chemosensory searching occurs in lizards (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1311-1320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lacertilia ; Varanus exanthematicus ; Varanidae ; prey odor ; tongue-flicking ; chemosensory searching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS), previously known only in snakes, is experimentally demonstrated in a lizard,Varanus exanthematicus. Tongue-flicking rate was significantly greater after striking the prey than following three control conditions. The occurrence of SICS in a varanid lizard suggests that SICS may serve to help relocate dropped or escaped prey not only in snakes, but in other squamates that use the tongue as a chemosensory sampling device during foraging. This in turn suggests the need for further studies of the taxonomic distribution of SICS in squamates and of its relationship to tongue use during foraging and feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014832
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postbite elevation in tongue-flicking rate by an iguanian lizard,Dipsosaurus dorsalis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2329-2336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tongue-flicking ; foraging ; Lacertilia ; Iguanidae ; Dipsosaurus dorsalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The herbivorous iguanid lizardDipsosaurus dorsalis exhibited PETF (postbite elevation in tongue-flicking rate), an increase in tongue-flicking rate after experimental removal from the mouth of food that had been bitten. This was demonstrated by a significantly higher tongue-flick rate after having bitten food than in three experimental conditions controlling for responses to the experimental setting, sight of food, and mechanical disturbance caused by the experimental removal of food from a lizard's mouth. As in most other families of lizards, PETF was brief, occurring only during the first minute. Lizards are divided into two major suprafamilial taxa, Iguania and Scleroglossa, consisting of carnivorous species characterized by two major foraging modes, ambush and active, and of herbivores and omnivores. PETF is absent in the two families of carnivorous iguanian lizards studied that are ambush foragers but present in three families of scleroglossan lizards that are active foragers. However, PETF is absent in the two species studied in a scleroglossan family, Gekkonidae, which forages by ambush, and present in an iguanian herbivore, as reported herein. We propose that the presence or absence of PETF, in addition to its phylogenetic determinants, is adaptively adjusted to foraging mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979667
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tongue-flicking and biting in response to chemical food stimuli by an iguanid lizard (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) having sealed vomeronasal ducts: Vomerolfaction may mediate these behavioral responses (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Vomeronasal system ; vomerolfaction ; feeding ; food vomodor ; Reptilia ; Lacertilia ; Iguanidae ; Dipsosaurus dorsalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the iguanid lizardDipsosaurus dorsalis, chemical food stimuli were discriminated from other odorants by vomerolfaction. This was demonstrated in a 2 × 3 experiment in which groups of lizards with sealed vomeronasal ducts or sham-sealed vomeronasal ducts responded to carrot chemical stimuli, cologne, and distilled water presented on cotton-tipped applicators. Abilities to detect and discriminate food chemicals were abolished in lizards having sealed vomeronasal ducts. For tongue-flick attack score and number of lizards biting, the sham-sealed group responded more strongly to carrot stimuli than to the control stimuli, but the group having sealed ducts did not. Lizards having sham-sealed ducts responded more strongly to carrot stimuli than did lizards having sealed ducts; responses by the two groups of lizards to control stimuli did not differ. Tongue-flicking occurred when the vomeronasal system detected a chemical stimulus from either carrot or cologne. Biting occurred only when the vomeronasal organ detected food stimuli (from carrot). Most duct-sealed lizards opened their mouths, some repeatedly. Mouth-opening thus occurs when the vomeronasal organ does not detect chemicals. It may be an attempt to stimulate or prime the vomeronasal organ or to dislodge the sealant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994427
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