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  • SPACE RADIATION  (110)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (27)
  • 1
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    Voyager at Uranus (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The findings made in the Voyager flyby past Uranus are reviewed. The spacecraft is described, and the preparations for the Uranus encounter are recalled. The encounter characteristics are presented, and the characteristics of the Uranian atmosphere and interior, magnetic field, rings, and satellites are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: (ISSN 0007-084X); 41; 49-62
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  • 2
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    The Voyager 2 encounter with the Neptunian system (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview of the Voyager 2 encounter with Neptune is presented, including a brief discussion of the trajectory, the planned observations, and highlights of the results described in the 11 companion papers. Neptune's blue atmosphere has storm systems reminiscent of those in Jupiter's atmosphere. An optically thin methane ice cloud exists near the 1.5-bar pressure level, and an optically thick cloud exists below 3 bars. Neptune's magnetic field is highly tilted and offset from the planet's center; it rotates with a period of 16.11 hours. Two narrow and two broad rings circle the planet; the outermost of these rings has three optically thicker arc segments. Six new moons were discovered in circular prograde orbits, all well inside Triton's retrograde orbit. Triton has a highly reflective and geologically young surface, a thin nitrogen atmosphere, and at least two active geyser-like plumes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1417-142
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  • 3
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    Large Isotope Spectrometer for Astromag (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Large Isotope Spectrometer for Astromag (LISA) is an experiment designed to measure the isotopic composition and energy spectra of cosmic rays for elements extending from beryllium through zinc. The overall objectives of this investigation are to study the origin and evolution of galactic matter; the acceleration, transport, and time scales of cosmic rays in the galaxy; and search for heavy antinuclei in the cosmic radiation. To achieve these objectives, the LISA experiment will make the first identifications of individual heavy cosmic ray isotopes in the energy range from about 2.5 to 4 GeV/n where relativistic time dilation effects enhance the abundances of radioactive clocks and where the effects of solar modulation and cross-section variations are minimized. It will extend high resolution measurements of individual element abundances and their energy spectra to energies of nearly 1 TeV/n, and has the potential for discovering heavy anti-nuclei which could not have been formed except in extragalactic sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 4
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    Cosmic ray investigation for the Voyager missions: Energetic particle studies in the outer heliosphere - and beyond (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Voyager mission cosmic ray detector system, consisting entirely of solid-state charged-particle detectors, is designed to measure the energy spectrum of electrons in the range 3 to 110 MeV and the energy spectra and elemental composition of cosmic ray nuclei from hydrogen through iron in the range 1 to 500 MeV/nuc; for isotopes of hydrogen through sulfur the range is approximately 2 to 75 MeV/nuc. The cosmic ray investigation deals with the energy content, origin and acceleration process, and dynamics of cosmic rays in the galaxy, with particular attention given to low-energy phenomena in interstellar space and the outer solar system. The precise measurement of three-dimensional stream patterns of nuclei from H to Fe, as well as electrons over a wide energy range, is the data acquisition program emphasized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Dec. 197
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  • 5
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    Implications of source abundances of ultraheavy cosmic rays (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The ratio of cosmic-ray source abundance to solar-system abundance for individual elements is examined. In particular correlations of these ratios with first-ionization potential (FIP) and also with the expected mass-to-charge ratio (A/Q) of the elements in a million-degree plasma are examined. The FIP correlation were previously examined and shown that the correlation is affected by the choice of C2 or C1 chondritic meteorites as the solar-system standard for comparison. An A/Q correlation was suggested by Eichler and Hainebach as a consequence of their model of shock acceleration in the hot interstellar medium, and has been examined by Israel. These correlations are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Contrib. to the 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf.; 4 p
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  • 6
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    Voyager investigations of the Saturnian System (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief review of the objectives and capabilities of the Voyager mission at Saturn is provided. In addition to a description of the eleven Voyager investigations and the Saturn encounter geometry, the scientific capabilities are discussed in the areas of atmospheric, satellite, magnetospheric, and ring studies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: JPL The Saturn System; p 285-299
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  • 7
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    Measurements of ultraheavy cosmic rays with HEAO-3 (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The HEAO-3 Heavy Nuclei Experiment has measured abundances of elements from Ar-18 to U-92 in the cosmic rays. The results on the ultraheavy elements, those with atomic numbers greater than 30, indicate that the source of the cosmic rays contain a mixture of r-process and s-process material similar to that found in the solar system. This result is at variance with previous indications that the sources are greatly enhanced with freshly synthesized r-process material. Apparent discrepancies between the results and the accepted solar-system abundance have led to a reexamination of data on photospheric abundances of Ge and Pb, resulting in suggested reductions in their values.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Essays in Space Science; p 173-189
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  • 8
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    Lead, platinum and other heavy elements in the primary cosmic radiation: HEAO-3 results (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An observation of the abundances of cosmic-ray lead and platinum-group nuclei using data from the HEAO-3 Heavy Nuclei Experiment (HNE) which consisted of ion chambers mounted on both sides of a plastic Cherenkov counter (Binns et al., 1981) is reported. Further analysis with more stringent selections, inclusion of additional data, and a calibration at the LBL Bevalac, have allowed the determination of the abundance ratio of lead and the platinum group of elements for particles that had a cutoff rigidity R(c) 5 GV. The observed ratio for Pb/Pt is distinctly lower than that predicted by any of the standard models for cosmic ray sources. It is possible that the difference is not an indication that the cosmic ray source composition is greatly different from that of the solar system, but rather that there is less Pb in the solar system and in the r-process than is assumed in the standard models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, MIscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 9
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    Elemental abundances of cosmic rays with Z 33 as measured on HEAO-3 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Heavy Nuclei Experiment on (HEAO-3) high energy astronomy observatory 3 uses a combination of ion chambers and a Cerenkov counter. During analysis, each particle is assigned two parameters, Z sub c and Z sub i, proportional to the square roots of the Cerenkov and mean ionization signals respectively. Because the ionization signal is double valued, a unique assignment of particle charge, Z, is not possible in general. Previous work was limited to particles of either high rigidity or low energy, for which a unique charge assignment was possible, although those subsets contain less than 50% of the total number of particles observed. The maximum likelihood technique was used to determine abundances for the complete data set from approx. 1.5 to approx. 80 GeV/amu.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-4.4-5 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 2; p 123-126; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-2
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  • 10
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    Differential measurement of cosmic-ray gradient with respect to interplanetary current sheet (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Simultaneous magnetic field and charged particle measurements from the Voyager pacecraft at heliographic latitude separations from 10 deg to 21 deg are used to determine the latitude gradient of the galactic cosmic ray flux with respect to the interplanetary current sheet. By comparing the ratio of cosmic ray flux at Voyager 1 to that at Voyager 2 during periods when both spacecraft are first north and then south of the interplanetary current sheet, we find an estimate of the latitudinal gradient with respect to the current sheet of approximately -0.15 + or- 0.05%/deg under restricted interplanetary conditions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SH-4.2-9 , California Inst. of Tech. Contrib. to the 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf.; 4 p
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