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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (268)
  • 1990-1994  (268)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1991  (268)
  • 1
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    Titan aerosol and gas experiment for the Huygens Probe (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Cassini Mission is a joint undertaking of NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) to explore the Saturnian System with a Saturn Orbiter and a Titan Probe. The launch vehicle and the Saturn Orbiter are the responsibility of NASA while the Huygens Probe (detachable Titan Probe) is the responsibility of ESA. The spacecraft will be launched in 1996 and the Huygens Probe will arrive at Titan in 2003. The Cassini Mission-Huygens Probe provides a unique opportunity to obtain detailed information about the atmosphere and, possibly, the surface of Titan. Titan possesses a substantial nitrogen atmosphere containing methane and many other organic compounds. Aerosols play an important role in the atmospheric processes on Titan. The Huygens Probe offers an opportunity to determine how organic particles are formed and grow which will clarify their role on Earth. A powerful analytical instrument, capable of addressing the above technology and other science questions, was recently proposed for the Huygens Probe. It is comprised of an aerosol and gas sampler and processor, and a gas chromatograph-ion mobility spectrometer. The instrument will be able to measure complex organics that make up the collected aerosols to the approximate 1 ppm level. Gases will be measured to approximately 10 ppb. Because the Titan atmosphere is expected to be quite complex, a gas chromatograph-ion mobility spectrometer is used to provide unequivocal identification of the components of the analytes. Further details of the science question to be investigated and the proposed instrument are described. The expected results and their implications are also addressed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Fourth Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the Origin and Evolution of Life; p 101
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  • 2
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    Magnetic field studies of the solar wind interaction with Venus from the Galileo flyby (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: During the February 10, 1990 flyby of Venus, the Galileo spacecraft skimmed the downnstream flank of the planetary bow shock. This provided an opportunity to examine both the global and the local structure of the shock in an interval during which conditions in the solar wind plasma were quite steady. The data show that the cross section of the shock in planes transverse to the flow is smaller in directions aligned with the projection of the interplanetary magnetic field than in directions not so aligned. Ultralow-frequency waves were present in the unshocked solar wind, and their amplitude peaked when the spacecraft was downstream of the foreshock. At large distances down the tail, the Mach number of the flow normal to the shock is low, thus providing the opportunity to study repeated crossings of the collisionless shock in an interesting parameter regime. Some of the shock crossings reveal structure that comes close to the theoretically predicted form of intermediate shocks, whose existence in collisionless plasmas has not been confirmed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 253; 1518-152
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  • 3
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    Solid C triple bond N bearing material on outer solar system bodies (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Recent telescopic observations have led to the identification of cyanogroup-containing molecules in the dark surface solids of several D-class asteroids, cometary dusts, and the rings of Uranus, as well as the low-albedo atmosphere of Iapetus. The occurrence of the 2.2-micron overtone of C triple-bond N's stretching fundamental mode in all four classes of small solar system bodies is presently suggested to serve as a diagnostic of both exposure duration and degree of modification of surface materials.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 94; 345-353
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  • 4
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    Miranda (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Observed geology, photometry, and geophysical data are used to examine various processes and properties that may have contributed to Maranda's evolution. Global tectonics and surface flow features constrain the possible heating mechanisms and materials. Statistics on impact craters and comparisons with other satellites suggest that the impactor-source population evolved through time and that ejecta mantling has resurfaced significant portions of the surface. It is proposed that the coronae, which are unique to Miranda, were formed by relaxation of topographic highs, by lithospheric stress driven by intensity anomalies in the asthenosphere, or by diapirs either breeching the surface or feeding large-scale volcanic flooding through preexisting crack structure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 5
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    Thermal structure and energy balance of Uranus (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The present study determines the basic properties of the atmospheric temperature field of Uranus through a combination of earth-based and Voyager measurements. Stellar occultation observations indicate both spatial and temporal variability at microbar pressure levels. The tropospheric and stratospheric vertical structure are established via Voyager radio occultation and infrared measurements as well as earth-based full-disk infrared observations. It is found that the measured lapse rate at pressures greater than about 600 microbar exceeds that for fully equilibrated ortho and para hydrogen. The latitude dependence of the upper tropospheric temperatures is determined from Voyager infrared measurements; remarkably little contrast is found. The weak horizontal structure is consistent with tropospheric zonal winds which decay with height and are directed prograde at midlatitudes but retrograde at low latitudes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 6
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    Magellan: Preliminary description of Venus surface geologic units (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Observations from approximately one-half of the Magellan nominal eight-month mission to map Venus are summarized. Preliminary compilation of initial geologic observations of the planet reveals a surface dominated by plains that are characterized by extensive and intensive volcanism and tectonic deformation. Four broad categories of units have been identified: plains units, linear belts, surficial units, and terrain units.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., 22nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; p 57-58
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  • 7
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    Concepts for manned lunar habitats (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The design philosophy that will guide the design of early lunar habitats will be based on a compromise between the desired capabilities of the base and the economics of its development and implantation. Preferred design will be simple, make use of existing technologies, require the least amount of lunar surface preparation, and minimize crew activity. Three concepts for an initial habitat supporting a crew of four for 28 to 30 days are proposed. Two of these are based on using Space Station Freedom structural elements modified for use in a lunar-gravity environment. A third concept is proposed that is based on an earlier technology based on expandable modules. The expandable modules offer significant advantages in launch mass and packaged volume reductions. It appears feasible to design a transport spacecraft lander that, once landed, can serve as a habitat and a stand-off for supporting a regolith environmental shield. A permanent lunar base habitat supporting a crew of twelve for an indefinite period can be evolved by using multiple initial habitats. There appears to be no compelling need for an entirely different structure of larger volume and increased complexity of implantation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-104114 , NAS 1.15:104114
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  • 8
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    Consolidation of lunar regolith: Microwave versus direct solar heating (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The production of construction materials on the lunar surface will require an appropriate fabrication technique. Two processing methods considered as being suitable for producing dense, consolidated products such as bricks are direct solar heating and microwave heating. An analysis was performed to compare the two processes in terms of the amount of power and time required to fabricate bricks of various size. The regolith was considered to be a mare basalt with an overall density of 60 pct. of theoretical. Densification was assumed to take place by vitrification since this process requires moderate amounts of energy and time while still producing dense products. Microwave heating was shown to be significantly faster compared to solar furnace heating for rapid production of realistic-size bricks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Arizona Univ., Resources of Near-Earth Space: Abstracts; p 18-19
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  • 9
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    Geology and tectonics of Beta Regio, Guinevere Planitia, Sedna Planitia, and Western Eistla Regio, Venus - Results from Arecibo image data (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The geology of a portion of the equatorial region of Venus (1 deg S to 45 deg N and from 270 deg eastward to 30 deg) is assessed on the basis of new radar images obtained from the Arecibo Observatory. Nine geologic units are mapped on the basis of their radar characteristics, and their distribution and correspondences with topography are examined. Plains are the most abundant unit, comprising 80 percent of the area imaged, and are divided into bright, dark, and mottled. Mottled plains contain abundant lava flows and domes, suggesting that volcanism forming planes is a significant process in the equatorial region of Venus. Tesserae are found primarily on Beta Regio and its eastern flank and are interpreted to be locally stratigraphically older units, predating episodes of faulting and plains formation. On the basis of spatial and temporal relationships between geologic units, the highlands of Beta Regio and Western Eistla Regio are interpreted to have formed in association with areas of mantle upwelling which uplift plains, cause rifting, and, in the case of Beta Regio, disrupt a large region of tesserae.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth, Moon, and Planets (ISSN 0167-9295); 55; 163-214
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  • 10
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    Spatial variations in composition of the Valles Marineris and Isidis Planitia regions of Mars derived from ISM data (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The present study summarizes preliminary results of an analysis of spaceborne near-infrared imaging spectroscopic data obtained from the martian surface. The sources of spectral variation are identified and surface units are mapped on the basis of the observed spectral properties. The findings indicate that strong spectral variations exist down to the limit of spatial resolution (22 x 22 sq km) of the ISM instrument. The most discriminant criteria are brightness, strength of the 3-micron absorption due to hydration, and near-infrared spectral slope. Bright areas are relatively featureless, but spectral subunits can be delimited within them. Dark areas are heterogeneous, with variations related to mafic mineralogy and partial coatings by fine material. Topographic and spectroscopic maps compiled from the ISM data agree in general with previous results, but provide additional detail and compositional information.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 12, 1990 - Mar 16, 1990; Houston, TX; United States
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