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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 110 (1977), S. 107-123 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Stereochemistry of the Norcaradiene-Norcaradiene Rearrangement, I. The Synthesis of Optically Active [Norcaradiene ⇌ Cycloheptatriene] DerivativesAnion 14 derived from treatment of 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene-7-carbonitrile (13) with n-butyllithium or lithium diisopropyl reacts with methyl iodide, deuterium oxide, and carbon dioxide to give the corresponding 7,7-disubstituted derivatives 2, 13-D, and 16. By a sequence of reactions 2 was transformed into the optically pure [norcaradiene ⇌ cycloheptatriene] systems 4 and 10. The equilibrium concentrations of the [norcaradiene ⇌ cycloheptatriene] systems 2-12 were determined by 1H n.m.r. mesurements at low temperatures.
    Notizen: Das aus 1,3,5-Cycloheptatrien-7-carbonitril (13) mit n-Butyllithium oder Lithium-diisopropylamid erzeugte Anion 14 reagiert mit Methyliodid, Deuteriumoxid und Kohlendioxid ausschließlich zu den entsprechenden 7,7-disubstituierten Derivaten 2, 13-D, und 16. Aus 2 lassen sich durch eine Folge von Reaktionen die optisch reinen [Norcaradien ⇌ Cycloheptatrien]-Systeme 4 und 10 synthetisieren. Mit Hilfe der Tieftemperatur-1H-NMR-Spektroskopie wurden die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen der [Norcaradien ⇌ Cycloheptatrien]-Systeme 2-12 ermittelt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 282-298 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A Degenerate Rearrangement of cis-Bicyclo[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-trieneThe synthesis and the thermal behaviour of the diastereomeric 9-methyl- and 4,9-dimethyl-cis-bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatriene-9-carbonitriles 1a,b and 10a,b are reported. The bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatriene ⇌ bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatriene rearrangement which is degenerate in the cases of 1a and 1b could be detected experimentally with the aid of the dimethyl derivatives 10a and 10b. At 102.5°C ([2H6]benzene) the mutual interconversion 10a ⇌ 11a ⇌ 12a ⇌ 13a and 10b ⇌ 11b ⇌ 12b ⇌ 13b, respectively, proceeds stereospecifically with inversion at the migrating carbon atom C-9 as postulated by Woodward and Hoffmann. Apart from the stereochemical result the concerted nature of this rearrangement is made plausible by the energetic parameter. The difference in the Gibbs energies of activation for the cleavage of the cyclopropane bond C-1 - C-9 in the bicyclo[6.1.0]-nonatriene → bicyclo[4.2.1]nonatriene isomerization 1a → 7a + 7b, 1b → 7a + 7b and in the rearrangement 10a → 11a, 10b → 11b amounts to ca. 7 kcal/mol in each case and suggests an aromatic transition state for the degenerate rearrangement.
    Notizen: Synthese und thermisches Verhalten der diastereomeren 9-Methyl- und 4,9-Dimethyl-cis-bicyclo-[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-trien-9-carbonitrile 1a,b und 10a,b werden beschrieben. Die in den Systemen 1a und 1b entartete Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatrien ⇌ Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatrien-Umlagerung konnte am Beispiel der Dimethylderivate 10a und 10b experimentell nachgewiesen werden. Die wechselseitige Umlagerung 10a ⇌ 11a ⇌ 12a ⇌ 13a bzw. 10b ⇌ 11b ⇌ 12b ⇌ 13b erfolgt bei 102.5°C ([D6]Benzol) stereospezifisch mit der von Woodward und Hoffmann postulierten Inversion am wandernden Kohlenstoff C-9. Außer durch das stereochemische Ergebnis wird der synchrone Charakter dieser Umlagerung durch den energetischen Parameter wahrscheinlich gemacht. Der Unterschied der Gibbs-Aktivierungsenergie für die Öffnung der Cyclopropanbindung C-1 - C-9 in der Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatrien → Bicyclo[4.2.1]nonatrien-Isomerisierung 1a → 7a + 7b, 1b → 7a + 7b und in der Umlagerung 10a → 11a, 10b → 11b beträgt in jedem Fall ca. 7 kcal/mol und legt einen aromatischen Übergangszustand für die entartete Umlagerung nahe.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 299-322 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis and Rearrangement of Substituted Bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-enes. A Thermal “Walk”-RearrangementThe synthesis and the thermal behaviour of methyl 5-methyl-, 1,5-, and 2,5-dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-ene-5-carboxylates 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b, as well as of 1,5- and 2,5-dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-ene-5-carbonitriles 6a, 7a, b are reported. The “walk”-rearrangement which is degenerate in the cases of 3a, b could be detected experimentally with the aid of the dimethyl derivatives 4a, b, 5a, b, 6a, and 7a, b. Electrocyclic ring opening to the correspondingly substituted 1,3-cyclopentadienes competes with the “walk”-rearrangements. Already at 0°C the “walk”-rearrangements 4a → 5a, 4b → 5b, and 6a → 7a proceed stereospecifically with inversion at the migrating carbon atom C-5 as postulated by Woodward and Hoffmann (0°C: ΔG* = 21.7, 24.8, and 21.9 kcal/mol). We assume that the surprisingly low activation barriers do not only result from the resonance stabilization of an aromatic transition state but largely from the anomalously high ground-state enthalpy of the bicyclopentene system.
    Notizen: Synthese und thermisches Verhalten der 5-Methyl-, 1,5-Dimethyl- und 2,5-Dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-en-5-carbonsäure-methylester 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b und -carbonitrile 6a, 7a, b werden beschrieben. Die in den Systemen 3a, b strukturell entartete „walk“-Umlagerung konnte am Beispiel der Dimethylderivate 4a, b, 5a, b, 6a und 7a, b experimentell nachgewiesen werden. Dazu konkurrierend finden elektrocyclische Ringöffnungen zu den entsprechend substituierten 1,3-Cyclopentadienen statt. Die „walk“-Umlagerungen 4a → 5a, 4b → 5b und 6a → 7a erfolgen bereits bei 0°C stereospezifisch mit der von Woodward und Hoffmann postulierten Inversion am wandernden Kohlenstoff C-5 (0°C: ΔG* = 21.7, 24.8 bzw. 21.9 kcal/mol). Vermutlich resultieren die überraschend niedrigen Aktivierungsbarrieren nicht allein aus der Resonanzstabilisierung eines aromatischen Übergangszustandes, sondern wesentlich aus der anomal hohen Grundzustandsenthalpie des Bicyclopentensystems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 123 (1990), S. 2349-2371 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Atropisomers ; Inversion barrier ; Lineshape analysis ; Calculations, force field ; Resonance energy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Inversion Barriers of ortho,ortho′-Bridged BiphenylsThe syntheses and spectroscopic properties of the ortho,ortho′-bridged biphenyls 2-19 are described. In the case of 5, 15, and 16 the inversion barrier is determined from the temperature dependence of the NMR spectra (lineshape analysis), in the case of 12, 13, and 14 from the temperature of coalescence, and in the case of 2a, 3b, 7, 17, 18, and 19 from the rate of racemization of the optically active compounds. The experimental inversion barriers, including data from the literature, are compared with those calculated using the extended force field (MM2erw). The conformational behavior of the title systems is significantly affected upon transformation into the corresponding dianion salts. The relevant energy terms are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Carbonyl ylides, generation from syn1-bishomofuran ; Thiocarbonyl ylides, generation from syn1-bishomothiophene ; Ylides, carbonyl and thiocarbonyl, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, electrocyclization, sigmatropic 1,4-hydrogen shift of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Reactivity of s̰1-Bishomoaromatic Heterocyles: Electrocyclic Reactions and Cycloadditions of syn- and anti1-Bishomofuran and -BishomothiopheneProfessor William von E. Doering zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.The title compounds syn-4a, b and anti-4a, b, synthesized by the CuCl-catalyzed reaction of homofuran 1a or homothiophene 1b with diazomethane, are very different in their thermal stability. syn-4a isomerizes to 2,3-dihydrooxepine (7a) readily at 130°C whereas the rearrangement anti-4a → 7a requires a temperature of about 370°C. A similar difference in thermal reactivity is observed between syn-4b and anti-4b. But syn-4b undergoes in addition to the rearrangement to 2,3-dihydrothiepine (7b) a dimerization (to 12?) on thermolysis in [D6]benzene solution at 140°C, whereas mainly isomerization to 9b, cis-10b, and 11 (product of the elimination of sulfur from cis-10b) occurs on thermolysis in the gas phase. The formation of 7a and 7b, respectively, is explained by the electrocyclic ring opening of syn-4a or syn-4b leading to the carbonyl ylide 5a or the thiocarbonyl ylide 5b followed by a sigmatropic 1,4 hydrogen shift. To rationalize the additional products in the thermolysis of syn-4b an electrocyclic conrotatory ring closure in 5b leading to the highly strained episulfide trans-10b is assumed to complete with the hydrogen shift. Under the reaction conditions trans-10b is unstable and either dimerizes in solution or isomerizes in the gas phase. The formation of 9b in the thermolysis of syn-4b indicates that a two-step pathway may compete with the concerted process. syn-4a, b react with various π acceptor-substituted olefins to form cycloadducts of the general type 6a, b. The cycloaddition occurs stereospecifically cis with respect to the configuration of the starting olefin and non-stereoselectively with respect to the endo/exo ratio. The kinetic analysis of the reaction of syn-4a with fumaronitrile (FN), N1-phenylmaleinimide (NPMI) or dimethyl dicyanofumarate (DCFM) shows unambiguously, that the adducts are formed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the intermediate carbonyl ylide 5a rather than a homo-Diels-Alder reaction of syn-4a (in contrast to the cycloaddition of homofuran 1a). A comparison between the enthalpies of reactions syn-4a → 5a (ΔHR ≤ 22.4 kcal/mol) and syn-4d → 5d (ΔHR ≥ 47.5 kcal/mol) shows the carbonyl ylide to be a 1,3-diradical, highly resonance-stabilized by the heteroatom (resonance energy R.E. ≍ -25 kcal/mol).
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Azo Bridges from Azines, VII1). - Diels-Alder Reactions with Inverse Electron Demand between Isopyrazoles add Cycloalkenes or Cycloalkadienes. - A Comparison of Acid Catalysis and Acceleration by PressureThe acid-catalysed reaction of the isopyrazoles 1 and 2 with the cycloalkenes 3-8, norbornene (9), 1,4-cyclohexadiene (18), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (19), norbornadiene (20), and benzonorbornadiene (21) yields the expected azo-bridged cycloadducts 10-17 and 22-27. From 19 are also obtained the bisadducts 24a and 24b. At higher pressure (7 kbar) the non-acid-catalysed reaction of 2 and the previously mentioned olefines produces the respective cycloadducts usually in higher yields. In the case of 20 the additional bisadducts exo,exo-26b and endo,exo-26b are formed. Reaction rates for the (pressure-controlled) cycloadditions correlate with the reaction enthalpies of the cycloaddition between cycloalkenes and 1,3-cyclopentadiene. The exo/endo ratio of cycloadducts 25b, formed from 2 and 20 proves to be independent of temperature and pressure.
    Notizen: Die Isopyrazole 1 und 2 liefern unter Säurekatalyse mit den C3—C8-Cycloalkenen (3-8) sowie mit Norbornen (9), 1,4-Cyclohexadien (18), 1,5-Cyclooctadien (19), Norbornadien (20) und Benzonorbornadien (21) die erwarteten Cycloaddukte 10-17 und 22-27 mit Azobrücke. Mit 19 entstehen dabei auch die Bisaddukte 24a und 24b. Ohne Säurekatalyse bilden sich aus 2 und den Olefinen die entsprechenden Cycloaddukte unter 7 kbar Druck meist in höherer Ausbeute, mit 20 zusätzlich die Bisaddukte exo,exo-26b und endo,exo-26b. Die unterschiedlichen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten der Cycloalkene bei Reaktionen unter Druck korrelieren mit den Reaktionsenthalpien für die Addition von 1,3-Cyclopentadien. Das exo/endo-Verhältnis der Cyclo-addukte 25b aus 2b + 20 erweist sich druck- und temperatur-unabhängig.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 123 (1990), S. 1869-1879 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Azoles, thermolysis and photolysis of ; Walk rearrangement ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Mechanism of the Cyclopropane “Walk” Rearrangement: Syntheses and Properties of 2-Diazopropane - Arene Adducts; a Regiospecific N2 EliminationThe synthesis and the thermal and photochemical behavior of 2-diazopropane adducts of toluene 1a, m-xylene 1b,c, and Dewar benzene 2a,b are reported. At 60°C the thermal N2 elimination of the specifically deuterated compound 1c proceeds regiospecifically leading to 1,7,7-trimethyl-5-(trideuteriomethyl)-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (12c), whereas the photolysis of 1c sensitized by benzophenone yields both regioisomeric cycloheptatrienes 12c and 13c in a 51:49 ratio. This finding excludes the symmetrical diradical 3c as an intermediate in the thermal N2 elimination of 1c and suggests a novel pericyclic process for it. The formation of both regioisomeric cycloheptatrienes 25b and 25c in a 74:26 ratio in the thermolysis of the diazopropane-tetradeuterio Dewar benzene adduct 2b indicates that in this case a multi-step N2 elimination passing through the diradical intermediate 3e competes with the concerted process. According to force-field calculations the course of the N2 elimination in 1a-e might be controlled by the conformational equilibrium A⇆B
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Azoles, optically active, thermolysis and photolysis of ; Walk rearrangement ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Mechanism of the Cyclopropane “Walk” Rearrangement: Synthesis and Properties of an Optically Active Diazoalkane-Toluene Adduct; a Highly Stereoselective N2 EliminationThe synthesis and the thermal and photochemical behavior of the optically active 2-diazo-1-methoxypropane-toluene adduct 3 are reported. The N2 elimination of 3 ocurs with one and the same stereochemical course upon thermolysis as well as direct photolysis: 7-(Methoxymethyl)-1,7-dimethyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (1) is formed with retention of configuration at C-7 and 7-(methoxymethyl)-2,7-dimethyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (2) with inversion of configuration at C-7. These stereochemical findings are explained by an intermediary singlet diradical 1[4] in which the ring closure between C-1 and C-7 or C-5 and C-7 is faster than the rotation around the single bond between C-6 and C-7. In the case of the thermally induced formation of 2 a concerted N2 elimination has to be considered as a competitive pathway. The results presented here are well in accord with the stereochemical analysis of the cyclopropane “walk” rearrangement 1⇋2 reported previously and are therefore a good evidence that the diradical intermediate 4 is also involved in the “walk” rearrangement. In the photochemically induced N2 elimination of 3, sensitized by benzophenone and leading again to 1 and 2, a surprisingly high degree of stereoselectivity is observed. Thus, the intermediary triplet diradical 3[4] must have a much shorter life time than ordinary 1,3-diradicals in the triplet state.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 125 (1992), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Homoaromaticity ; Resonance energy ; Calculations, force-field ; Heats of hydrogenation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Heats of Hydrogenation, IV.  -  Homoaromaticity in Norcaradiene and CycloheptatrieneBy comparison of the heats of hydrogenation of fixed norcaradienes with analogous cyclobutane derivatives and from the difference of experimental heats of formation with values calculated by force-field methods the homoaromatic stabilization of norcaradienes and cycloheptatrienes are calculated and compared with the equilibrium position of the respective valence isomers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Homophospholes ; Phospholes, 4,5-dihydro-, optically active ; 1,5-Electrocyclization ; Phosphomethine ylides ; Inversion at the phosphorus atom ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Reactivity of Cyclopentenyl-Anion-Analogous Heterocycles: Homophospholes  -  Synthesis, 1,5-Electrocyclization, and Inversion at the Phosphorus Atom*[1]The key step of a novel homophosphole synthesis is the reaction of phospholes 3a-d with diazomethane in the presence of water leading to the oxidized 1,3-dipolar cycloadducts anti-7a-d. The 1,5-electrocyclization of homophosphole was observed by the temperature-dependent rate of racemization of optically active anti-8b (ΔH≠=(31.24±0.59) kcal/mol; ΔS≠=-(2.32±1.47) cal/mol K). In order to determine the activation parameters for the inversion at the phosphorus atom a (60:40) mixture of syn- and anti1-homophosphole syn- and anti-8b was prepared by H2O2 oxidation of anti-8b complexed by CuCl and subsequent reduction with Cl3SiH. The enantiomerization [(+)-anti-8b → (-)-anti-8b] proceeds at 169.5°C 22 times faster than the inversion at the phosphorus atom (anti-8b→syn-8b). This shows unambiguously that the electrocyclic ring opening does not require a planar configuration at the phosphorus atom and can start from the nonplanar anti configuration due to a dihedral angle of ca. 0° between the orbital of the lone pair at the phosphorus atom and the cyclopropane Walsh orbitals favourable for a strong electronic interaction in this configuration. From the comparison of the activation parameters for the inversion at the phosphorus atom in the homophosphole (syn-8b ⇆ anti-8b) and the dihydrophosphole [(-)-23 ⇆ (+)-23] one can extrapolate, that the homoaromatic resonance stabilization in the planar homophosphole is small (ca.  - 2 kcal/mol) contrary to the surprisingly large aromatic stabilization in the planar phosphole (ca.  - 20 kcal/mol).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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