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  • General Chemistry  (75)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (16)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; alkenylations ; SAMP/RAMP hydrazones ; selenyl aldehydes ; sphingosine ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: L-threo-sphingosine and its D-erythro isomer (1) are subunits of many glycosphingolipids, gangliosides and ceramides. This paper describes the highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of both isomers (de, ee 〉 98%). The key steps in the synthesis are the aldol reaction of the SAMP hydrazone (S)-2 with racemic α-phenylselenylpentadecanal 3, the diastereoselective triacetoxyborohydride reduction of ketone 5 and exclusive (E) C—C double bond formation in the elimination of hydroxyl and selenyl moieties promoted by methanesulfonyl chloride. Mesylate 8 was then readily converted via the 1,3-O-acetonide-protected azidosphingosine 9 to L-threo-sphingosine. Conversion to the known 1-O,2-N-diacetyl-protected sphingosine 13 with subsequent Mitsunobu inversion of the C3—OH centre afforded the D-erythro-sphingosine epimer.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1293-1320 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Lithiated Methylnitrosamines Nucleophilic α-sec-AminomethylationIf at all. CH-hydrogens adjacent to the nitrogen of amines can only be abstracted as hydride. For secondary methlamines it is shown in this paper that N-nitrosation acidifies the α-position to an extend which allows quantitative H/Li-exchange under appropriate conditions lithium diisopropylamide/THF/-80°C/5 min). The (lithiomethyl)nitrosamines thus generated are highly reactive nucleophiles towards alkyl halides and carbonyl compounds. As products substituted nitrosamines are isolated which are readily converted to the parent amines. Thus the sequence of nitrosation, metalation, reaction with electrophiles, and removal of the nitroso group represents a method of electrophilic substitution at the methyl groups of secondary methylamines. To avoid handling of the carcinogenic nitrosamines, a “one pot procedure” was developed without isolation of these intermediates.
    Notes: CH-Wasserstoffe neben dem Stickstoff von Aminen lassen sich allenfalls als Hydrid abstrahieren. Hier wird am Beispiel von sekundären Methylaminen gezeigt, daß die α-Stellung durch N-Nitrosierung so stark acidifiziert wird, daß unter geeigneten Bedingungen quantitative Metallierung (Lithium-diisopropylamid/THF/-80°C/5 min) möglich ist. Die entstehenden (Lithiomethyl)-nitrosamine erweisen sich als hochreaktive Nucleophile gegenüber Alkylhalogeniden und Carbonyl-verbindungen. Die Produkte sind höher substituierte Nitrosamine, deren Entnitrosierung die zugrundeliegenden Amine liefert. Die Sequenz Nitrosierung, Metallierung, Reaktion mit Elektrophilen und Entnitrosierung ist damit eine Methode der elektrophilen Substitution an der Methylgruppe von sek. Methylaminen. Um das Hantieren mit den carcinogenen Nitrosaminen zu vermeiden, wurde eine „Eintopfvariante“ ohne Isolierung dieser Zwischenstufe entwickelt.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 110 (1977), S. 1852-1865 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Lithiation and Electrophilic Substitution at α-Methylene Groups of Nitrosamines Reactivity Umpolung of Secondary Amines1,2)The electrophilic substitution at the α-position of nitrogen of secondary amines (A → B) has a broad scope. H/Li-exchange can be carried out with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) at -78°C in THF at methylene groups of open chain (1) and cyclic (9-12) nitrosamines. The resulting lithio derivatives react in high yields with alkyl, allyl, and benzyl halides as well as with aldehydes and ketones to give products 3 and 13-16 under C—C-bond formation. The reaction is also used for cyclizations (°11, 18—20). Most of the nitrosamines prepared are denitrosated to the parent amines.
    Notes: Die elektrophile Substitution in α-Stellung zum Stickstoff sek. Amine (A → B) über metallierte Nitrosamine besitzt große Anwendungsbreite. Der H/Li-Austausch gelingt bei - 78°C in THF an Methylengruppen von offenkettigen (1) und cyclischen (9-12) Nitrosaminen mit Lithium-diisopropylamid (LDA). Umsetzung der Li-Derivate mit Alkyl-, Allyl- und Benzylhalogeniden sowie mit Aldehyden und Ketonen führt in hohen Ausbeuten unter C—C-Verknüpfung zu den Produkten 3 und 13—16. Die Reaktion wird auch für Cyclisierungen zu 11 und 18-20 eingesetzt. Die meisten der hergestellten Nitrosamine werden zu den freien Aminen entnitrosiert.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1337-1361 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Generation and Synthetic Use of Metallated Dimethylhydrazones Regio and Stereoselective Alkylation of Carbonyl CompoundsDimethylhydrazones (DMH's) 6-10 of enolizable aldehydes and ketones can be metallated quantitatively in α-position by n-butyllithium and/or lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran. The lithio derivatives thus obtained (11-14) are highly reactive carbon nucleophiles. Their application as enolate equivalents is demonstrated via the sequence carbonyl compound, DMH-derivative, metallation, reaction with alkyl halides (→ 16, 18, 19), and cleavage to the α-substituted carbonyl compound (17) in a number of examples. Apart from some special cases, the alkylations occur regiospecificly at the less substituted carbon atom. Cyclohexanone derivatives are selectively axially alkylated, allowing for example the preparation of trans-disubstituted cyclohexanones. An efficient new conversion of dimethylhydrazones to carbonyl compounds under mild conditions (pH 7, room temperature) by oxidative hydrolysis has been developed. Advantages of the procedure are discussed briefly.
    Notes: Dimethylhydrazone (DMH's) 6-10 von enolisierbaren Aldehyden und Ketonen können mit n-Butyllithium und/oder Lithium-diisopropylamid in Tetrahydrofuran quantitativ in α-Stellung metalliert werden. Die so erhaltenen Lithiumderivate 11-14 sind hochreaktive Kohlenstoffnucleophile. Ihre Verwendung als Enolatäquivalente wird über die Sequenz Carbonylverbindung, DMH-Derivat. Metallierung, Reaktion mit Alkylhalogeniden (→ 16, 18, 19) und Spaltung zur α-substituierten Carbonylverbindung (17) an einer Anzahl von Beispielen demonstriert. Die Alkylierungen erfolgen, von Spezialfällen abgesehen, regiospezifisch am weniger substituierten Kohlenstoffatom. Cyclohexanonderivate werden stereoselektiv axial alkyliert, was zur Darstellung von trans-disubstituierten Cyclohexanonen ausgenutzt wird. Zur quantitativen Spaltung der Dimethylhydrazone zurück zu den Carbonylverbindungen unter milden Bedingungen (pH 7, Raumtemperatur) wurde eine neue oxidative Hydrolyse entwickelt. Die Vorteile der Methode werden kurz diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1362-1383 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic Routes to Polyfunctional Molecules via Metallated DimethylhydrazonesReactions of metallated dimethylhydrazones (DMH's) with electrophiles such as saturated and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and oxiranes are used to effect overall regiospecific C—C bond formation in the α-position to a carbonyl group. Oxidative hydrolysis of the resulting hydrazones leads to a wide variety of functionalized carbonyl compounds. The high efficiency and selectivity of the method is demonstrated in a variety of examples which include regiospecific aldol reactions, the preparation of γ-hydroxycarbonyl, 1,4-, and 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds (regiospecific Robinson annulation, DMH-cuprates), carbonyl olefination to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes via α-silylated DMH's as well as the regiospecific γ-functionalisation of crotonaldehyde-DMH. Doubly metallated methyl acetoacetate DMH reacts with carbonyl compounds to give 5,6-dihydro-α-pyrone derivatives, which can be hydrolyzed to hydroxyketo-carboxylic acids.
    Notes: Reaktionen von metallierten Dimethylhydrazonen (DMH's) 3 mit Elektrophilen, wie gesättigten und α-β-ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen und Oxiranen. werden zu regiospezifischen C—C-Verknüpfungen in α-Stellung zur Carbonylgruppe ausgenutzt. Oxidative Hydrolyse der resultierenden Produkthydrazone 4, 8, 14, 23 führt zu synthetisch wertvollen, polyfunktionellen Molekülen. Die hohe Effektivität und Selektivität der Methode wird an einer Vielzahl von Beispielen, wie regiospezifischen Aldol-Reaktionen (→ 5, 7), der Darstellung von γ-Hydroxycarbonyl- 9, 10, 1,4- 11, 12 und 1,5-Dicarbonylverbindungen 15-18 (regiospezifische Robinson-Anellierung 19, DMH-Cuprate 13), Carbonylolefinierungen zu α,β-ungesättigten Aldehyden 20 über α-silylierte DMH's 21 sowie der regiospezifischen γ-Funktionalisierung von Crotonaldehyd-DMH demonstriert (→ 25). Doppelt metalliertes Acetessigsäure-methylester-DMH (27) reagiert mit Carbonylverbindungen zu 5,6-Dihydro-α-pyron-Derivaten 28, die zu Hydroxyketo-carbonsäuren 29 hydrolysiert werden können.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2933-2960 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Asymmetric Synthesis via Metalated Chiral Hydrazones. Enantioselective Alkylation of Cyclic Ketones and AldehydesAldehydes and cyclic ketones are converted with (S)-1-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine(13) (SAMP) to the corresponding chiral SAMP-hydrazones 1, which can be metalated in α-position by lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran. The resulting chiral “azaenolates” 2 are alkylated at  -  95°C to product hydrazones 3, which are cleaved to optically active α-chiral carbonyl compounds 5 by ozonolysis or hydrolysis via methoiodides 15. The method allows the enantioselective alkylation of aldehydes and cyclic ketones in overall chemical yields of 51-80% and in high, up to complete enantioselectivity. The chiral auxiliary “SAMP” is prepared using the “chiral pool” in 4 steps from (S)-proline (12) via 9, 10 and 11 or in 6 steps via 9, 6, 7, 8 and 11. It is shown that α-chiral aldehydes can be reduced with BH3 THF-complex to β-chiral alcohols 16 without racemization. A “synthon-controlled enantioselectivity” is demonstrated in the case of the enantioselective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-2-methylbutanal (51, 51′).
    Notes: Aldehyde und cyclische Ketone werden mit (S)-1-Amino-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin (13) (SAMP) in die entsprechenden chiralen SAMP-Hydrazone 1 übergeführt, die mit Lithiumdiisopropylamid in Tetrahydrofuran in α-Stellung metalliert werden können. Die resultierenden chiralen “Azaenolate” 2 werden bei  - 95°C zu Produkthydrazonen 3 alkyliert, die durch Ozonolyse bzw. Hydrolyse über Methoiodide 15 zu optisch aktiven, α-chiralen Carbonylverbindungen 5 gespalten werden. Die Methode gestattet die enantioselektive Alkylierung von Aldehyden und cyclischen Ketonen in chemischen Gesamtausbeuten von 51-80% und in hoher bis zu völliger Enantioselektivität. Die chirale Hilfsverbindung “SAMP” wird unter Verwendung des “chiralen pools” in 4 Stufen aus (S)-Prolin (12) über 9,10 und 11 bzw. in 6 Stufen über 9,6,7,8 und 11 hergestellt. Es wird gezeigt, daß α-chirale Aldehyde mit dem BH3 THF-Komplex racemisierungsfrei zu β-chiralen Alkoholen 16 reduziert werden können. Eine “synthon-kontrollierte Enantioselektivität” wird am Beispiel der enantioselektiven Synthese von (R)- und (S)-2-Methylbutanal (51, 51′) demonstriert.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1309-1323 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleophilic Thioacylation with Thiocarbamoyllithium Derivatives of sec. AminesThe possibilities of direct H/metal-exchange at formyl groups to give unmasked nucleophilic acylating reagents C are considered. In contrast to nitrosamines of sec. amines which show CH-acidity at the saturated carbon next to nitrogen, thioformamides 1 are smoothly metalated at the formyl carbon (lithium diisopropylamide, THF-solvent, -100°C). The title compounds 2 thus available react in good yields especially with carbonyl compounds to produce thioamides 3 and 4 of higher α-hydroxycarboxylic acids. We did not succeed in generating stable lithiocarbamoyls 2d and 2j derived from phenyl substituted thioformamides. As Shown in scheme 1, the diphenylthioformamide anion 2j could be trapped in situ, while it appears to dimerize to 9 in the absence of electrophiles. The isolated products 11-13 can be considered as derivatives of 9.
    Notes: Die Möglichkeiten des direkten H/Metall-Austauschs an Formylgruppen zu unmaskierten nucleophilen Acylierungsmitteln C werden erörtert. Im Gegensatz Nitrosaminen sekundärer Amine wie, F, die neben dem Stickstoff am gesättigten Kohlenstoff CH-acid sind, werden Thioformamide 1 bei Temperaturen um -100°C in Tetrahydrofuran von Lithiumdiisopropylamid glatt am Formyl-C-Atom metalliert. Die so zugänglichen Thiocarbamoyllithium-Verbindungen 2 setzen sich in guten Ausbeuten vor allem mit Carbonylverbindungen um. Bei phenylsubstituierten Thioformamiden gelingt es nicht, für kurze Zeit stabile Lithiumcarbamoyle wie 2d oder 2j zu erzeugen. Wie in Schema 1 gezeigt, kann man das Diphenylderivat 2j aber in situ abfangen; in Abwesenheit eines Elektrophils entsteht offensichtlich ein Dimeres 9. dessen Folgeprodukte 11-13 isoliert wurden.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 110 (1977), S. 1879-1886 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Metalated Nitrosamines with Nitriles. A Novel Access to ν-TriazolesNon-enolizable nitriles 1 and Li-nitrosamines 2 combine according to scheme E to give 1,2,3-triazoles 3 in yields ranging from 45 to 90%. While the new triazole synthesis is sensitive to structural variations in the nitrile component, its scope with respect to the nitrosamine is broad: di- (3a-i) and trisubstituted triazoles (e.g. 3j) as well as bicyclic derivatives (3k-m) are accessible. The reaction mechanism is discussed.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von nicht enolisierbaren, aromatischen Nitrilen 1 mit Li-Nitrosaminen 2 liefert nach Schema E mit 45-90% Ausbeute 1,2,3-Triazole 3. Während die neue Triazolsynthese empfindlich auf Strukturvariationen der Nitrilkomponente anspricht, hat sie in bezug auf die einsetzbaren Nitrosamine eine große Anwendungsbreite: di- (3a-i) und trisubstituierte Triazole (z. B. 3j) und bicyclische Vertreter (3k-m) sind zugänglich. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3703-3714 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Enantioselective Synthesis of (-)-(R)-and (+)-(S)-[6]-Gingerol-Pungent Principle of Ginger1)Enantioselective syntheses of the major pungent principle of ginger (+)-(S)-[6]-gingerol [(S)-1] and the (-)-(R)-antipode in good yields and optical yields of 33-39% are described. As a key step, and aldol reaction is used with the “anion” of the chiral hydrazone 6 and n-hexanal. The chiral auxiliary compound 13 is prepared in five steps from (R)-glutamic acid.
    Notes: Enantioselektive Synthesen des Hauptgewürzprinzips des Ingwers (+)-(S)-[6]-Gingerol[(s)-1] und des (-)-(R)-Antipoden werden in guten Ausbeuten und mit 33-39% optischer Ausbeute beschrieben. Als Schlüsselschritt wird eine Aldolreaktion mit dem″ Anion″ des chiralen Hydrazons 6 und n-Hexanal benutzt. Die chirale Hilfsverbindung ′13 wird in fünf Stufen aus (R)-Glutaminsäure hergestellt.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Nucleophilic formylation ; Addition reactions ; Lactones ; Formyl anion equivalent ; Domino reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---An efficient asymmetric synthesis of α-substituted β-formyl δ-lactones 5 (de ≥ 98%, ee = 80-95%) and 4-substituted furofuran lactones 6 (de ≥ 98%, ee = 80-〉98%) in acceptable overall yields is reported. Key steps of the new procedure are an asymmetric Michael addition of formaldehyde SAMP-hydrazone (1) to 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (2) under neutral conditions, followed by trans-selective α-alkylation and subsequent cleavage of the auxiliary by ozonolysis or a hydrolytic domino reaction protocol, respectively. The absolute configurations given for the title compounds are based on three X-ray structure analyses and NOE measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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