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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (8)
  • Cyclizations, intramolecular  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1993 (1993), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Radicals ; Cyclizations, intramolecular ; Petroselinic acid ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Petroselinic acid was cyclized via methyl 2-iodopetroselinate (1) with tributyltin hydride to give methyl trans- and cis-2-dodecyl-1-cyclopentanecarboxylate (2). The atom-transfer method with hexabutylditin resulted in the formation of bicyclic γ-lactones 4 and methyl trans-2-(1′-iodododecyl)-1-cyclopentanecarboxylate (trans-5). The same products were obtained with the new initiator system SnCl2/AgOAc. This method showed, if compared with the other methods, the shortest reaction time, the highest yield and stereoselectivity combined with a very simple workup procedure and the use of less toxic chemicals.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 488-499 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal Addition of Alkanes to Alkenes, II. Addition of Cyclohexane to Acrylate in a Free Radical Chain ReactionAlkanes can be added to alkenes in a thermally initiated reaction. Kinetic studies on the addition of cyclohexane to phenyl acrylate clearly revealed that a radical chain reaction is involved. The results can only be satisfactorily explained in terms of a symproportionation of the alkane and the alkene to give two alkyl radicals. This initiation reaction is very slow (220°C: ki ≈ 6 · 10-13 l · mol-1 · s-1, t1/2 ≈ 3 · 104 a). Kinetic isotopic effects of the initiation reaction and of the H-transfer reaction from cyclohexane to alkyl radical 6b have been measured. β-Scission of the intermediate adduct radicals has been measured as well. Quite normal reaction rates are observed near the critical point of cyclohexane.
    Notes: Alkane können thermisch initiiert an Alkene addieren. Die kinetische Untersuchung der Addition von Cyclohexan an Acrylsäure-phenylester zeigte, daß die Reaktion als Radikalkettenreaktion verläuft. Die Ergebnisse können befriedigend nur durch eine Startreaktion erklärt werden, bei der Alkan und Alken zu zwei Alkylradikalen symproportionieren. Die Startreaktion ist sehr langsam (220°C: ki ≈ 6 · 10-13 l · mol-1 · s-1, t1/2 ≈ 3 · 104 a). Die kinetischen Isotopeneffekte der Startreaktion und der Wasserstoffübertragungsreaktion von Cyclohexan auf Alkylradikal 6b wurden gemessen. Die β-Spaltung der intermediären Adduktradikale wurde ebenfalls gemessen. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten, die nahe dem kritischen Punkt von Cyclohexan beobachtet wurden, sind ganz normal.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 500-507 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal Addition of Alkanes to Alkenes, III. Reactivity of C—H Bonds of Alkanes in the Addition to AlkenesAlkanes can be added to alkenes in a free radical chain reaction („ane reaction“). Relative rates and relative Arrhenius parameters of the addition of different C—H bonds have been measured at 300 - 440°C. Equilibrium concentration of the possible alkyl radicals, relative rates of their addition to the alkene, and β-scission of the adduct radicals versus H-transfer from the alkane are determining the ratio of the addition products. Differences in the reactivity of secondary C—H bonds of n-alkanes are caused by steric effects.
    Notes: Alkane können in einer freien Radikalkettenreaktion an Alkene addiert werden („An-Reaktion“). Die relativen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten und relativen Arrhenius-Parameter der Addition unterschiedlicher C—H-Bindungen wurden bei 300 - 440°C gemessen. Die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen der möglichen Alkylradikale, ihre relativen Additionsgeschwindigkeiten an das Alken und die β-Spaltung der Adduktradikale in Konkurrenz zur H-Übertragung vom Alkan bestimmen das Verhältnis zwischen den Additionsprodukten. Die unterschiedliche Reaktivität der sekundären C—H-Bindungen von n-Alkanen wird durch sterische Effekte verursacht.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 508-513 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal Addition of Alkanes to Alkenes, IV. Regioselectivity in the Addition of Cyclohexane to 1,2-Disubstituted AlkenesAlkanes can be added to alkenes in a free radical chain reaction („ane reaction“). Regioselectivity in the addition of cyclohexane to (E)-3-alkyl substituted methyl acrylates have been measured at 300 - 450°C. The ratio of the two regioisomers 3 and 4 shows a correlation with steric substituent constants Es. Relative rates of the addition of cyclohexyl radical to the alkene and β-scission of the adduct radical versus H-transfer from cyclohexane are determining the ratio of the regioisomers. A minor temperature dependence of regioselectivity has been observed. In relation to the products 3 and 4, ane reaction at a temperature of 450°C can be more selective than radical addition reaction at room temperature. Regioselectivity of the addition of cyclohexane to methyl cinnamate at 360 - 420°C shows a slight polar substituent effect. Electron withdrawing substituents have been shown to increase product ratio 4/3.
    Notes: Alkane können in einer freien Radikalkettenreaktion an Alkene addiert werden („An-Reaktion“). Die Regioselektivität der Addition von Cyclohexan an (E)-3-Alkyl-substituierte Acrylsäure-methylester wurde bei 300 - 450°C gemessen. Das Verhältnis der beiden Regioisomeren 3 und 4 korreliert mit sterischen Substituentenkonstanten Es. Die relativen Geschwindigkeiten der Addition des Cyclohexylradikals an das Alken und die β-Spaltung des Adduktradikals in Konkurrenz zur H-Übertragung von Cyclohexan bestimmen das Verhältnis der Regioisomeren. Eine geringe Temperaturabhängigkeit der Regioselektivität wurde beobachtet. Die An-Reaktion kann in bezug auf die Produkte 3 und 4 bei 450°C selektiver sein als radikalische Additionsreaktionen bei Raumtemperatur. Die Regioselektivität der Addition von Cyclohexan an Zimtsäure-methylester bei 360 - 420°C zeigt einen geringen polaren Substituenteneffekt. Elektronenziehende Substituenten vergrößern das Produktverhältnis 4/3.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2493-2499 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Radicals ; Addition ; Stereoselectivity ; Alkynes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkanes can be added to alkynes in a thermally initiated free-radical chain reaction (“ane reaction”). The addition of cyclohexane to 1-alkynes 1a-1 yields a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-2-cyclohexyl-1-alkenes 3a-1. An essential step in this reaction is the addition of cyclohexyl radicals to the alkynes to give 2-cyclohexyl-1-alkenyl radicals 2a-1 which abstract hydrogen from cyclohexane to yield the products 3a-1. The stereoselectivity of the addition has been measured in the temperature range of 160-260°C. It strongly depends on the substituent X of the radical center and varies over a range of almost four orders of magnitude from [(Z)-3a]:[(E)-3a] = 33 (X = OMe) at 160°C to [(Z)-31]:[(E)-31] = 0.012 (X = tBu) at 260°C. The stereoselectivity is further influenced by the temperature and in most cases by the concentration of the hydrogen donor cyclohexane. The reaction is discussed in terms of the stereoselectivity of the addition of cyclohexyl radicals to the alkyne, of the structure of the 1-alkenyl radical (σ and π radical, respectively), the rate of inversion in the case of σ alkenyl radicals, and the relative rates of syn and anti hydrogen transfer.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 673-675 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Radicals ; Addition ; Alkynes ; Kinetics ; Supercritical fluid conditions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the addition of cyclohexane (2) to phenylethyne (1) proceeding via 2-cyclohexyl-1-phenylethenyl radical (3) to give 1-cyclohexyl-2-phenylethene (4) was investigated in the temperature range from 260 to 340°C. The radical chain is initiated by a bimolecular reaction of cyclohexane with phenylethyne to give a cyclohexyl radical and a 1-phenylethenyl radical. The physical state of the reaction mixture was varied from liquid to supercritical and to gasphase conditions. No effect on the reaction rate constant near the critical point was observed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1069-1073 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Free-radical additions ; Alkyl radicals ; Stereoselectivity ; Hydrogen transfer ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The addition of cyclohexane to alkylmaleic anhydrides 1a-f via cyclic radicals 2a-f gave a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-2,3-dialkylsuccinic anhydrides 3a-f. The stereoselectivity of the hydrogen transfer from cyclohexane to radicals 2a-d was measured in the temperature range of 200-260°C, and the relative activation parameters of the formation of (Z)- and (E)-3 were determined. The stereoselectivity of the hydrogen transfer from cyclohexylmercuric hydride at 25°C was measured as well. The results are rationalized assuming steric interactions in the transition state of H donor and β substituent and of α and β substituent, respectively. An X-ray structure analysis of the highly strained addition product (Z)-3d was performed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1539-1546 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chiral tin hydrides ; Chiral hydrogen donors ; Tin ; Ligand effects ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the chiral tin bromides 1-4 and hydrides 5-8, containing the potentially bidentate, optically active 2-[ (1 S/R)- 1 -dimethylaminoethyl]phenyl and 2 -[( 1 S) - 1 -dimethylamino-2,2-dimethylpropyl]phenyl ligands, is reported. The tin hydrides 5-8, with the tin atom as the stereogenic centre, were isolated as diastereomeric mixtures with diastereomeric ratios of dr = 50:50 up to dr = 80:20. The absolute configuration of ( - ) - (1 S)- 1 - (2-bromophenyl) -2,2-dimethylpropylamine [(S)-10] was determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 3558-3575 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermally Induced Redox Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds and Alcohols in a Radical Chain ReactionCarbonyl compounds are reduced by alcohols in a thermally initiated radical chain reaction. The reaction of 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde (1i) and 2-propanol (2) has been studied kinetically and is first order with respect to 1i as well as to 2 (kexp. [l/mol · s] = 7.56 ± 0.05 -125 ± 1/Θ; Θ = 2.303 · R · T in kJ/mol). The results can be satisfactorily explained in terms of a symproportionation of 1i and 2 to give two hydroxylalkyl radicals to initiate the radical chain reaction. This initiation reaction is very slow. The kinetic chain length is very large, ca. 107 at 200°C. Kinetic isotopic effects kH/kD of two different metathesis reactions of the radical chain have been measured. The Hammett correlation gives ϱ = -0.62 (160°C).
    Notes: Carbonylverbindungen werden durch Alkohole in einer thermisch initiierten Radikalkettenreaktion zu Alkoholen reduziert. Die Reaktion von 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyd (1i) mit 2-Propanol (2) wurde kinetisch untersucht und ist 1. Ordnung sowohl bezüglich 1i als auch 2 (kexp. [l/mol · s] = 7.56 ± 0.05 -125 ± 1/Θ; Θ = 2.303 · R · T in kJ/mol). Die Ergebnisse können befriedigend durch eine sehr langsame Startreaktion erklärt werden, bei der 1i und 2 zu zwei Hydroxyalkylradikalen symproportionieren. Die kinetische Kettenlänge ist mit ca. 107 bei 200°C sehr groß. Die kinetischen Isotopeneffekte kH/kD für zwei unterschiedliche Metathesereaktionen in der Radikalkette wurden gemessen. Hammett-Korrelation ergibt ϱ = -0.62 (160°C).
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