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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1170-1174 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nickel and palladium boride colloids ; phosphine stabilization ; high resolution electron microscopy ; amorphous metal borides ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ligandstabilisierte Nickel- und Palladiumborid-KolloideEs wird ein Weg zu den ersten ligand-stabilisierten Nickel- und Palladiumborid-Kolloiden mit Kerndurchmessern von 1,4 und 1,6 nm beschrieben. Die Teilchen bilden sich bei der Reaktion der Metallkomplexe Cl2M(PR3)2 (M = Ni, Pd; PR3 = PPr3, PBu3) mit B2H6 in Toluol bei Raumtemperatur in 40-70% Ausbeute. Die Charakterisierung der pyrophoren braunen Pulver erfolgte durch Elementaranalysen, die zu kleinsten Formeleinheiten führten, welche dann durch Molmassebestimmungen mittels analytischer Ultrazentrifuge zu gemittelten Molekülformeln erweitert werden konnten: [Ni6B10Cl1,5(PPr3)]12,5 (1), [Ni6B10Cl1,5(PBu3)]8,5 (2), [Pd4B6Cl(PPr3)]16,5 (3) und [Pd4B6Cl(PBu3)]16,5 (4). Aus den Massen der Kolloidkerne und ihren ungefähr berechneten Dichten konnte die Größe der Boridpartikel abgeschätzt werden. Die Durchmesser von 1,6 nm für 1, 3, und 4 sind innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen gleich. Nur 2 scheint einen geringfügig reduzierten Durchmesser von 1,4 nm zu besitzen. 1-4 können in inerten organischen Lösungsmitteln in beliebiger Konzentration dispergiert werden.Um diese relativ ungenauen Werte zu untermauern, wurde die hochauflösende Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie verwendet. Untersuchungen von 1 und 3 zeigen tatsächlich durchschnittliche Teilchengrößen von 1,6 ± 0,3 nm in Übereinstimmung mit den aus den Massebestimmungen erhaltenen Daten. Überraschenderweise scheinen die meisten der beobachteten Teilchen amorphe Struktur zu besitzen. Diese Beobachtung wird durch Röntgenbeugungsexperimente unterstützt, da keine signifikanten Reflexdaten erhalten werden konnten. 31P- und 11B-NMR-Messungen wurden ebenfalls vorgenommen, tragen jedoch zur weiteren Charakterisierung nicht bei.
    Notes: A route to the first ligand stabilized nickel and palladium boride colloids with core diameters of 1.4 and 1.6 nm is described. The particles are formed by reaction of the metal complexes Cl2M(PR3)2 (M = Ni, Pd, PR3 = PPr3, PBu3) with B2H6 in toluene at room temperature with 40-70% yield. The characterization of the pyrophoric brown powders occurred by elementary analyses, resulting in smallest formula units, which then could be extended to averaged molecular formulas by mass determinations, using an analytical ultracentrifuge: [Ni6B10Cl1.5(PPr3)]12.5 (1), [Ni6B10Cl1.5(PBu3)]8.5 (2), [Pd4B6Cl(PPr3)]16.5 (3), and [Pd4B6Cl(PBu3)]16.5 (4). From the masses of the colloid cores and their roughly calculated densities the size of the boride particles could be estimated. The diameters of 1.6 nm for 1, 3, and 4 are identical within the experimental error. Only 2 seems to have a slightly reduced diameter of 1.4 nm. 1-4 can be dispersed in inert organic solvents in any concentration.To confirm these relatively uncertain values high resolution transmission electron microscopy has been used. Investigations of 1 and 3 show indeed an averaged particle size of 1.6 ± 0.3 nm in agreement with the data derived from the mass determinations. Surprisingly most of the observed particles appear to have amorphous structure. This finding is supported by X-ray powder diffraction experiments, as no significant reflex data could be registered. 31P and 11B NMR measurements have been performed too, however, do not contribute to further characterization.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 607 (1992), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: β-dicalcium silicate ; manganese ions ; high field ESR ; ESR fine-and hyperfine structure transitions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zum Einbau von Manganionen in die β-Ca2 SiO4-Struktur. Eine Hochfeld-ESR-StudieDie Stabilisierung der β-Dicalciumsilicat-Struktur durch Dotierung mit Mangan wurde mit Hilfe der ESR im X-Band (3,2cm) und Q-Band (8mm) und der Hochfeld-ESR (W-Band (2m)) untersucht. Bei kleinen Mn-Gehalten erfolgt der Einbau der Manganionen als Mn2+ auf Gitterplätze geringer Verzerrung. Die Erhöhung des Mn-Gehaltes verstärkt den stabilisierenden Effekt und es resultieren zusätzlich Feinstrukturmultipletts von Mn2+ -und Mn4+-Ionen, die axial bzw. rhombisch verzerrte Plätze der Dicalciumsilicat-Struktur besetzen. Die bezüglich Konzentration und Ladungszustand variable Substitution im Kationengitter steht offensichtlich im Zusammenhang mit einem Abbau von Ladungs- bzw. Bindungslängendiskrepanzen bei der Kristallisation der undotierten Verbindung und eröffnet damit die Möglichkeit der Ausbildung regulärer Einkristalle.
    Notes: The stabilization effect of dopants of the structure of β-dicalcium silicate using manganese in different oxidation states was investigated in detail by ESR at 3.2 cm (X-band), 8mm(Q-band) and by high field ESR at 2mm(W-band). The assignment of the signals was supported by corresponding single crystal measurements using X-Band and Q-band. If there are only low manganese concentrations on forming the microcrystallites the incorporated Mn2+ will be localized on less distorted sites of the lattice. Increasing the manganese concentration the Mn2+ spectra are superimposed by the fine structure of Mn2+ and of Mn4+ ions occupying distorted lattice sites with axial and rhombic symmetry. This pattern of the cation substitution represents the typical transition metal behaviour and obviously favours the formation of regular crystalline units from the melt on compensating of non-equivalent distances and charges.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1-Alken-3-ynes ; Manganese(III) acetate ; Propargyl radical ; Ligand-transfer reaction ; Electron-transfer reaction ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Control of the Propargylic Radical Stabilization by Carbon-Chain Length in Manganese(III)-Mediated Reactions of 1-Alken-3-ynes. - A Facile Synthetic Way to Long-Chain 4-Acetoxy-5-alkynoic AcidsBy investigation of reactions of 1-alken-3-ynes RC ≡ C - CH = CH2 4 with acetic acid/acetic anhydride, mediated by manganese(III) acetate, it has been found that the stabilization of propargylic radical adducts depends on the carbon-chain length of R in 4. R = C8H17 is shown to be the “critical” chain length when ligand transfer reaction appears to be the only way of stabilization of intermediates, thus providing a facile one-step access to long-chain 4-acetoxy-5-alkynoic acids. The dependence of the product ratios on the AcOH/Ac2O ratio has also been demonstrated.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2493-2499 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Radicals ; Addition ; Stereoselectivity ; Alkynes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkanes can be added to alkynes in a thermally initiated free-radical chain reaction (“ane reaction”). The addition of cyclohexane to 1-alkynes 1a-1 yields a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-2-cyclohexyl-1-alkenes 3a-1. An essential step in this reaction is the addition of cyclohexyl radicals to the alkynes to give 2-cyclohexyl-1-alkenyl radicals 2a-1 which abstract hydrogen from cyclohexane to yield the products 3a-1. The stereoselectivity of the addition has been measured in the temperature range of 160-260°C. It strongly depends on the substituent X of the radical center and varies over a range of almost four orders of magnitude from [(Z)-3a]:[(E)-3a] = 33 (X = OMe) at 160°C to [(Z)-31]:[(E)-31] = 0.012 (X = tBu) at 260°C. The stereoselectivity is further influenced by the temperature and in most cases by the concentration of the hydrogen donor cyclohexane. The reaction is discussed in terms of the stereoselectivity of the addition of cyclohexyl radicals to the alkyne, of the structure of the 1-alkenyl radical (σ and π radical, respectively), the rate of inversion in the case of σ alkenyl radicals, and the relative rates of syn and anti hydrogen transfer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 123 (1990), S. 875-879 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkyl radicals / β-Fragmentation / Selectivity / Ane reaction ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Investigations on the Selectivity of the β-Scission of Alkyl Radicals, 11′1. - Selectivity of the β-Fragmentation of α-(Methoxycarbony1)alkyl RadicalsThe rate of β-scission of α-(Methoxycarbonyl)alkyl radicals 3 und 9, generated by addition of cycloalkyl radicals to appropriate methyl 2-methylenealkanoates 1 and methyl (E)-2-alkenoates 8, resp., has been measured relative to the hydrogen transfer from cycloalkanes. The rate of β-scission increases with increasing stability of the leaving radical R*, Polar effects reversing the stability sequence have also been observed, e. g. the stability sequence have also been observed, e. g. the more stable (methoxycarbonyl) methyl radical leaves more slowly than a less stable secondary alkyl radical.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 125 (1992), S. 983-984 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Benzil, lowest triplet state of ; [2 + 2] Addition, stepwise ; Oxetanes ; Captodative substitution ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the lowest excited triplet state, benzil (1) adds highly regio- and stereoselectively to the olefin 2-morpholinoacrylonitrile (2) to form solely the oxetane 5.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Macrocyclic (alkene dithiolato)mercury complexes ; Dithiolato complexes ; Stilbene-α,β1-dithiol complexes ; Mercury(II) macrocyclic dithiolato complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of the ligand cis - -S—C(Ph)≡C(Ph)-S-[CH2]n - S - C(Ph)=C(Ph)-S- with n=3 (dianion of 1) with HgCl2 in ethanol produces a yellow linearly trinuclear, μ1-S and μ1-Cl-bridged complex of composition C62H52Cl2Hg3S8 (4), in which the central Hg(II) ion is in a near octahedral arrangement of four Hg—S and two Hg—Cl bonds, whereas the two terminal Hg(II) ions are tetracoordinated with three Hg—S bonds and one Hg—Cl bond in distorted tetrahedral arrangements. The two ligands are bidentate with respect to the terminal and central Hg(II) ions. The corresponding ligand with n=4 (dianion of 2) reacts with HgCl2 to yield a yellow Hg(II) complex of composition C32H28HgS4 (5), in which the ligand is tetradentate and in the trans-syn configuration. The Hg(II) ion in the unit cell of 5 is pentacoordinated, due to symmetric dimerization of two molecules of 2 by two weak coordinate Hg—S bonds of 3.442(2) Å length.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 123 (1990), S. 1537-1544 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Nitrilium salts ; N-Acylcyanamidium salts ; N-Acylamidinium salts ; 2-Azoniaallene salts ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nitrilium salts (5a,b) dehydrate primary carboxamides (6a,b) to give nitriles (8a,b) and O-protonated carboxamides (7a,b). Secondary carboxamides (9a,b,e-g) add to nitrilium salts (5b-d) to furnish mixtures of tautomeric N-acylamidinium salts (10a-d, 11a,c). However, with the stable acetylcyanamidium salt 5d the primarily formed amidinium salts 10 either cyclize with elimination of water to yield s-triazinium salts (12f,g) or react with a further carboxamide to afford the N-acylamidinium salts 14e,f. At low temperatures formamides (9g,h) are dehydrated by 5d to give isonitriles, which add to an excess of 5d to furnish the oxazolidines 15g,h. The triazinium salts 12 are characterized by 1,4-addition of alcohols giving the new triazinium salts 16a-c. Tertiary carboxamides (17a-k) add to the nitrilium salts 5d-d to give N1-acyl-N1,N3,N3-substituted amidinium salts 18a-k. This reaction was extended to a vinylogous tertiary carboxamide (19) affording the cyanine dyes 20a,b.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 673-675 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Radicals ; Addition ; Alkynes ; Kinetics ; Supercritical fluid conditions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the addition of cyclohexane (2) to phenylethyne (1) proceeding via 2-cyclohexyl-1-phenylethenyl radical (3) to give 1-cyclohexyl-2-phenylethene (4) was investigated in the temperature range from 260 to 340°C. The radical chain is initiated by a bimolecular reaction of cyclohexane with phenylethyne to give a cyclohexyl radical and a 1-phenylethenyl radical. The physical state of the reaction mixture was varied from liquid to supercritical and to gasphase conditions. No effect on the reaction rate constant near the critical point was observed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 2443-2448 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Imidodiphosphinato chelates ; (N-Phosphinoylphosphinimidato) chelates ; Phosphazene heterocycles ; Tin complexes ; NMR, 119Sn ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The tetraphenylimidodiphosphinate [N-(P,P-diphenylphosphinoyl)-P,P-diphenylphosphinimidate] ion forms stable bis-chelates with SnII and SnIV. The SnII compound [N(Ph2PO)2]2Sn (3) displays a distorted Ψ-tbp structure in the solid state and is fluxional in solution. The bis(imidodiphosphinato)tin dihalides 6 are cis-structured. A comparison of the X-ray structures of 3 and the diiodide [N(Ph2PO)2]2SnI2 (6c) indicates the presence of a lone-pair stereochemical effect in 3 which is absent in 6c.
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