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  • Heliothis zea  (22)
  • biological control  (14)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 471-490 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoids ; foraging behavior ; learning ; experience ; variability ; model ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An important factor inducing variability in foraging behavior in parasitic wasps is experience gained by the insect. Together with the insect's genetic constitution and physiological state, experience ultimately defines the behavioral repertoire under specified environmental circumstances. We present a conceptual variable-response model based on several major observations of a foraging parasitoid's responses to stimuli involved in the hostfinding process. These major observations are that (1) different stimuli evoke different responses or levels of response, (2) strong responses are less variable than weak ones, (3) learning can change response levels, (4) learning increases originally low responses more than originally high responses, and (5) hostderived stimuli serve as rewards in associative learning of other stimuli. The model specifies how the intrinsic variability of a response will depend on the magnitude of the response and predicts when and how learning will modify the insect's behavior. Additional hypotheses related to the model concern how experience with a stimulus modifies behavioral responses to other stimuli, how animals respond in multistimulus situations, which stimuli act to reinforce behavioral responses to other stimuli in the learning process, and finally, how generalist and specialist species differ in their behavioral plasticity. We postulate that insight into behavioral variability in the foraging behavior of natural enemies may be a help, if not a prerequisite, for the efficient application of parasitoids in pest management.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Telenomus remus ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Spodoptera fruigiperda ; Heliothis zea ; kairomones ; accessory gland ; host acceptance ; host recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude a utilisé une technique voisine de celle employée par Strand & Vinson (1982), pour examiner les réactions de parasitoïdes à des billes de verre enduites de substances, afin de déterminer l'influence des sécrétions des glandes annexes (AGM) de Spodoptera frugiperda et Heliothis zea dans le repérage des hôtes par Telenomus remus et Trichogramma pretiosum. Les femelles de T. remus réagissaient plus aux billes enduites d'AGM de S. frugiperda qu'aux billes témois non enduites; celles de T. pretiosum réagissaient plus aux billes enduites d'AGM de H. zea qu'aux témoins. T. remus n'a pas réagi aux billes enduites d'AGM de H. zea, ni T. pretiosum à celles enduites d'AGM de S. frugiperda. Les poids moléculaires des protéines des glandes annexes de H. zea sont 1.100 K et 50 K, et ceux de S. frugiperda de 700 K et 30 K (Strand & Vinson, 1983a). T. remus a mieux réagi aux billes enduites de la fraction 700 K de S. frugiperda qu'a celles enduites de la fraction 30 K, aux deux fractions de H. zea et aux billes témoins. Les billes enduites de la fraction 1.100 K de H. zea ont provoqué aussi une réaction significative de T. remus. Les sécrétions des glandes annexes de S. frugiperda et de H. zea contiennent des kairomones qui interviennent dans le repérage des hôtes respectifs de T. remus et de T. pretiosum. Mais, il semble peu probable que ces substances soient seules responsables de la reconnaissance de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract Accessory gland materials from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) contained kairomones that influenced the host recognition or acceptance behavior of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelonidae) and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymeoptera: Trichogrammatidae), respectively. Material from S. frugiperda accessory glands stimulated ovipositor probing and drilling by female T. remus but not T. pretiosum. Accessory gland material from H. zea stimulated ovipositor probing and drilling by female T. pretiosum but not T. remus. An active material for T. remus is found in the 700 K protein fraction of accessory gland material from S. frugiperda. The oviposition behavior of the parasitoids is also discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: kairomone ; frass ; Microplitis demolitor ; Heliothis zea ; Trichoplusia ni ; host selection ; behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Microplitis demolitor, un parasitoïde solitaire de plusieurs espèces de chenilles de noctuelles, a été introduit d'Australie aux Etats-Unis comme agent potentiel de contrôle biologique. Les fèces des chenilles d'Heliothis zea et Trichoplusia ni élevées sur des cotyledons de pois (Pink Eye Purple Hull Cowpea) stimulent les femelles à sélectionner un hôte, mais les fèces des chenilles des deux espèces élevées sur diète CSM ne possèdent pas cette activité. Un extrait hexanique des fèces des chenilles de H. zea élevées sur cotyledons de pois stimule également ce comportement, de même que le 13-methylhentriacontane, substance présente dans les fèces des chenilles de H. zea (Jones et al., 1971). Les femelles de M. demolitor exposées immédiatement avant leur lâcher en serre aux fèces des chenilles de H. zea, nourries de cotyledons de pois, parasitent un plus fort pourcentage (41.7%) de chenilles de H. zea que cells qui n'ont pas été exposées aux fèces (13.9%). Le comportement de sélection de l'hôte des femelles de M. demolitor est donc semblable à celui des femelles de Microplitis croceipes, un parasitoïde étroitement apparenté indigène des Etats-U-nis. La femelle, par exemple, est stimulée par une kairomone des fèces des larves de H. zea nourries sur des cotyledons de pois (incluant le 13-methyl-hentriacontane), la diète affecte l'activité kairomonale des fèces, et une exposition préalable aux fèces avant le lâcher stimule le comportement de sélection de l'hôte. La stimulation du comportement de sélection de l'hôte, au moment du lâcher peut être utilisée pour améliorer l'efficacité des lâchers des parasitoïdes dans les programmes de contrôle biologique.
    Notes: Abstract Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson, a solitary larval parasitoid of several species of Noctuidae, has been imported into the United States from Australia. A closely related species, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), is native to the United States. The host-selection behavior of M. demolitor females is similar to that of M. croceipes in that it is stimulated by kairomones (including 13-methylhentriacontane) in the frass of Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae, larval diet affects the kairomonal activity of the frass, and exposure to frass prior to release stimulates host-selection behavior. M. demolitor females also respond to frass from Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) larvae that had fed on Pink Eye Purple Hull Cowpea cotyledons.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acids ; moth scales ; Heliothis zea ; kairomones ; parasitoids ; biological control ; Trichogramma pretiosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acids found in moth scales of laboratory-rearedHeliothis zea (Boddie) moths are hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, nonanoic, 2- (or 3-) furan carboxylic, phenylacetic, benzoic, sorbic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The last two of these acids are preservatives added to the artifical diet as sorbic acid and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. FemaleTrichogramma pretiosum Riley exhibited increased rates of parasitization ofH. zea eggs in the presence of some of these compounds in laboratory experiments. Exposure to a mixture of all of these compounds did not increase parasitization, and the elimination of acids from the crude moth-scale extract did not reduce parasitization by the wasps.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1247-1262 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; parasitoid behavior ; habitat location ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; female flights ; preflight handling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oriented responses ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) to airborne odors of actively feedingHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae were observed in a flight tunnel. The behavior ofM. croceipes prior to and during sustained, oriented flights was videotaped and analyzed in detail. Preflight exposure of the parasitoid to feces and other components of the plant-host complex were found to be vital in effective flight behavior, while maturation of the parasitoid had little effect. The increased frequency of oriented flight that resulted from preflight exposure of a plant-host complex persisted for at least 24 hr.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1583-1596 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Biological control ; artificial diet ; preflight behavior ; wind tunnels ; oviposition ; age ; chemosensory receptors ; chilling pupae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed cowpea seedlings produced volatile semiochemicals to whichMicroplitis demolitor Wilkinson responded in a wind tunnel. However, mostM. demolitor females reared fromH. zea larvae fed an artificial diet were not responsive at emergence to the same volatile semiochemicals. A preflight contact with frass fromH. zea fed cowpea was needed to stimulate a response of sustained flight in a wind tunnel. The most consistent flight response was 7–10 days postemergence. Response resulting from both antennal and ovipositor contact with host frass during preflight stimulation was no better than from antennal contact alone. Chilling the parasitoid pupae rendered most of the emerging females unresponsive to volatile semiochemicals.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 141-168 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; anemotaxis ; parasitoid ; jet plumes ; optomotor response ; semiochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Odor-mediated host-searching by femaleMicroplitis croceipes, a braconid endoparasitoid of larvalHeliothis species, was studied in a flight tunnel. Volatiles emitted by third-instarH. zea feeding on cowpea seedling leaves were released and carried with the wind, resulting either in an irregularly shaped plume, or injected with high velocity, resulting in a conically shaped jet plume. Flight maneuvers ofM. croceipes had a higher stereotype in jet plumes compared to irregularly shaped plumes. Variation in odor concentration in jet plumes due to intermittent feeding of the host larvae did not affect the number of flights. At the levels employed, odor concentration did not alter the rate of upwind progress in jet plumes. Because air velocity inside a jet increases in the upwind direction,M. crocepies regulates its ground-speed during its approach to the odor source.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; wind tunnel ; orientation behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior ofTrichogramma pretiosum Nixon wasps when exposed to different olfactory cues was studied in a wind tunnel. Compared to clean air, the sex pheromone of its hostHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased wasp residence times, walking times, and path lengths on a platform and decreased walking velocity. If wasps were released on top of a glass rod above a platform, the odor caused the wasps to land shortly after takeoff. In addition, a clear dose effect with regard to total residence and walking times was found. These responses were not elicited by three dosages of the sex pheromone ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) or by a blend of saturated acetates. These results correspond with the observation thatH. zea is a common field host ofT. pretiosum, whereas eggs ofS. frugiperda are rarely attacked by this parasitoid.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: kairomone ; parasitoid ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; biological control ; host finding ; host acceptance ; Heliothis zea ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley to stimuli fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) and fromTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) was examined in the laboratory. Kairomones were responsible, at least in part, for the greater response to naturally depositedH. zea eggs.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1607-1616 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; olfaction ; flight ; olfactory experience ; rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rearing the parasitoidM. croceipes on hosts fed cowpea-seedling leaves instead of artificial diet increased the percentage of oriented flights to odors of a cowpea seedling-H. zea complex in a flight tunnel. However, the increase in response was much stronger after adult females had searched a fresh plant-host complex just prior to a test. The host plant appears to be of major importance in the parasitoid-host relationship: host-plant species, growth phase, and part of the host plant influence the parasitoid's response in the flight tunnel. The percentage of inexperienced females responding to infested leaves was higher for 4- to 5-day-old females than for 0- to 1-day-old females, while the response to uninfested flowers was equally high for both age groups. Olfactory experience with odors of an attractive plant-host complex increased the response to an unattractive plant-host complex. Possible implications of the results are discussed.
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