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  • 1
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    Global variability of precipitation according to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Numerous studies have documented the effect of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on rainfall in many regions of the globe. The question of whether ENSO is the single most important factor in interannual rainfall variability has received less attention, mostly because the kind of data that would be required to make such an assessment were simply not available. Until 1979 the evidence linking El Nino with changes in rainfall around the world came from rain gauges measuring precipitation over land masses and a handful of islands. From 1980 until the launch of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in November 1997 the remote sensing evidence was confined to ocean rainfall because of the very poor sensitivity of the instruments over land. In this paper we summarize the results of a principal component analysis of TRMM's 60-month (January 1998 to December 2002) global land and ocean remote-sensing record of monthly rainfall accumulations. Contrary to the first principal component of the rainfall itself, the first three indices of the anomaly are most sensitive to precipitation over the ocean rather than over the land. With the help of archived surface station data the first TRMM rain anomaly index is extended back several decades. Comparison of the extended index with the Southern Oscillation Index confirms that the first principal component of the rainfall anomaly is strongly correlated with the ENSO indices.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 109; D17103
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  • 2
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    Multiple X Line Reconnection in the Near Earth Magnetotail: Cluster Multipoint Plasma and Field Observations (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Eastwood et al. [2004, manuscript submitted to CRL], have recently reported observations of multiple X line reconnection proceeding in the near Earth (approximately 18Re) magnetotail, leading to the formation and growth of an Earthward moving flux rope. Here we present the associated ion and electron measurements that indicate significant structuring to the magnetic field; in particular, an absence of counterstreaming electrons in the center of the flux rope. The observations, made on October 2, 2003, are put into a wider context by examining the surrounding plasma conditions, which indicate that after the event, the plasma sheet was highly dynamic. We also consider how common these observations are in the Cluster dataset, and discuss the implications for previous single spacecraft studies.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: 2005 Joint Assembly; May 23, 2005 - May 27, 2005; New Orleans, LA; United States
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  • 3
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    Extended Magnetic Reconnection Across the Dayside Magnetopause (2011)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The extent of where magnetic reconnection (MR), the dominant process responsible for energy and plasma transport into the magnetosphere, operates across Earth's dayside magnetopause has previously been only indirectly shown by observations. We report the first direct evidence of X-line structure resulting from the operation of MR at each of two widely separated locations along the tilted, subsolar line of maximum current on Earth's magnetopause, confirming the operation of MR at two or more sites across the extended region where MR is expected to occur. The evidence results from in-situ observations of the associated ion and electron plasma distributions, present within each magnetic X-line structure, taken by two spacecraft passing through the active MR regions simultaneously.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: GSFC.JA.5103.2011 , Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 107; 2; 025004-1 - 025004-6
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  • 4
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    ARTEMIS Science Objectives (2011)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: NASA's two spacecraft ARTEMIS mission will address both heliospheric and planetary research questions, first while in orbit about the Earth with the Moon and subsequently while in orbit about the Moon. Heliospheric topics include the structure of the Earth's magnetotail; reconnection, particle acceleration, and turbulence in the Earth's magnetosphere, at the bow shock, and in the solar wind; and the formation and structure of the lunar wake. Planetary topics include the lunar exosphere and its relationship to the composition of the lunar surface, the effects of electric fields on dust in the exosphere, internal structure of the Moon, and the lunar crustal magnetic field. This paper describes the expected contributions of ARTEMIS to these baseline scientific objectives.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: GSFC.JA.5048.2011 , Space Science Reviews
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    MMS Examination of FTEs at the Earth's Subsolar Magnetopause (2018)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Determining the magnetic field structure, electric currents, and plasma distributions within flux transfer event (FTE)-type flux ropes is critical to the understanding of their origin, evolution, and dynamics. Here the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission's high-resolution magnetic field and plasma measurements are used to identify FTEs in the vicinity of the subsolar magnetopause. The constant-alpha flux rope model is used to identify quasi-force free flux ropes and to infer the size, the core magnetic field strength, the magnetic flux content, and the spacecraft trajectories through these structures. Our statistical analysis determines a mean diameter of 1,700 400 km (~30 9 d(sub i)) and an average magnetic flux content of 100 30 kWb for the quasi-force free FTEs at the Earth's subsolar magnetopause which are smaller than values reported by Cluster at high latitudes. These observed nonlinear size and magnetic flux content distributions of FTEs appear consistent with the plasmoid instability theory, which relies on the merging of neighboring, small-scale FTEs to generate larger structures. The ratio of the perpendicular to parallel components of current density, R(sub J), indicates that our FTEs are magnetically force-free, defined as R(sub J) 〈 1, in their core regions (〈0.6 R(sub flux rope)). Plasma density is shown to be larger in smaller, newly formed FTEs and dropping with increasing FTE size. It is also shown that parallel ion velocity dominates inside FTEs with largest plasma density. Field-aligned flow facilitates the evacuation of plasma inside newly formed FTEs, while their core magnetic field strengthens with increasing FTE size.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN60744 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (e-ISSN 2169-9402); 123; 2; 1224-1241
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  • 6
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    MMS Observations of Electron-Scale Filamentary Currents in the Reconnection Exhaust and Near the X Line (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We report Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of macroscopic and electron-scale current layers in asymmetric reconnection. By intercomparing plasma, magnetic, and electric field data at multiple crossings of a reconnecting magnetopause on 22 October 2015, when the average interspacecraft separation was approximately 10 km, we demonstrate that the ion and electron moments are sufficiently accurate to provide reliable current density measurements at 30ms cadence. These measurements, which resolve current layers narrower than the interspacecraft separation, reveal electron-scale filamentary Hall currents and electron vorticity within the reconnection exhaust far downstream of the X line and even in the magnetosheath. Slightly downstream of the X line, intense (up to 3 A/m2) electron currents, a super-Alfvenic outflowing electron jet, and nongyrotropic crescent shape electron distributions were observed deep inside the ion-scale magnetopause current sheet and embedded in the ion diffusion region. These characteristics are similar to those attributed to the electron dissipation/diffusion region around the X line.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN41021 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276) (e-ISSN 1944-8007); 43; 12; 6060-6069
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  • 7
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    Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellites Observations of Parallel Electric Fields Associated with Magnetic Reconnection (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites of parallel electric fields (E (sub parallel)) associated with magnetic reconnection in the subsolar region of the Earth's magnetopause. E (sub parallel) events near the electron diffusion region have amplitudes on the order of 100 millivolts per meter, which are significantly larger than those predicted for an antiparallel reconnection electric field. This Letter addresses specific types of E (sub parallel) events, which appear as large-amplitude, near unipolar spikes that are associated with tangled, reconnected magnetic fields. These E (sub parallel) events are primarily in or near a current layer near the separatrix and are interpreted to be double layers that may be responsible for secondary reconnection in tangled magnetic fields or flux ropes. These results are telling of the three-dimensional nature of magnetopause reconnection and indicate that magnetopause reconnection may be often patchy and/or drive turbulence along the separatrix that results in flux ropes and/or tangled magnetic fields.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN41303 , Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007) (e-ISSN 1079-7114); 116; 23; 235102
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    MMS Observations of Large Guide Field Symmetric Reconnection Between Colliding Reconnection Jets at the Center of a Magnetic Flux Rope at the Magnetopause (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We report evidence for reconnection between colliding reconnection jets in a compressed current sheet at the center of a magnetic flux rope at Earth's magnetopause. The reconnection involved nearly symmetric Inflow boundary conditions with a strong guide field of two. The thin (2.5 ion-skin depth (d(sub i) width) current sheet (at approximately 12 d(sub i) downstream of the X line) was well resolved by MMS, which revealed large asymmetries in plasma and field structures in the exhaust. Ion perpendicular heating, electron parallel heating, and density compression occurred on one side of the exhaust, while ion parallel heating and density depression were shifted to the other side. The normal electric field and double out-of-plane (bifurcated) currents spanned almost the entire exhaust. These observations are in good agreement with a kinetic simulation for similar boundary conditions, demonstrating in new detail that the structure of large guide field symmetric reconnection is distinctly different from antiparallel reconnection.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN41310 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276) (e-ISSN 1944-8007); 43; 11; 5536–5544
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