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  • 1
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    Chemistry of Rocks and Soils in Gusev Crater from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The alpha particle x-ray spectrometer on the Spirit rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Gusev crater in order to unravel the crustal evolution of planet Mars. The composition of soils is similar to those at previous landing sites, as a result of global mixing and distribution by dust storms. Rocks (fresh surfaces exposed by the rock abrasion tool) resemble volcanic rocks of primitive basaltic composition with low intrinsic potassium contents. High abundance of bromine (up to 170 parts per million) in rocks may indicate the alteration of surfaces formed during a past period of aqueous activity in Gusev crater.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Science; Volume 305; 829-832
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  • 2
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    Evidence for a Global Martian Soil Composition Extends to Gale Crater (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The eolian bedform within Gale Crater referred to as "Rocknest" was investigated by the science instruments of the Curiosity Mars rover. Physical, chemical and mineralogical results are consistent with data collected from soils at other landing sites, suggesting a globally-similar composition. Results from the Curiosity payload from Rocknest should be considered relevant beyond a single, localized region with Gale Crater, providing key insights into planetary scale processes.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: JSC-CN-27936 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2013 - Mar 22, 2013; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 3
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    Chemical Alteration on Mars Indicated by the Iron-Manganese Ratio (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometers (APXS) onboard the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) have measured the chemical compositions of over 400 samples on the surface of Mars. Fe and Mn are among the elements which are well established by this instrumentation. Fe 2+ and Mn2+ have nearly the same ionic radii and distribute similarly in primary igneous rocks, maintaining a consistent Fe:Mn ratio. Upon exposure to an oxidative weathering environment, Fe 3+ and Mn4+ are commonly formed, and elemental fractionation can occur. Thus, altered samples will typically exhibit a Fe:Mn ratio different from precursor materials.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: JSC-CN-19540 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 01, 2010 - Mar 05, 2010; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 4
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    Confirmation of Soluble Sulfate at the Phoenix Landing Site: Implications for Martian Geochemistry and Habitability (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Over the past several decades, elemental sulfur in martian soils and rocks has been detected by a number of missions using X-ray spectroscopy [1-3]. Optical spectroscopy has also provided evidence for widespread sulfates on Mars [4,5]. The ubiquitous presence of sulfur in soils has been interpreted as a widely distributed sulfate mineralogy [6]. However, direct confirmation as to the identity and solubility of the sulfur species in martian soil has never been obtained. One goal of the Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) [7] on board the 2007 Phoenix Mars Lander [8] was to determine soluble sulfate in the martian soil. The WCL received three primary samples. Each sample was added to 25 mL of leaching solution and analysed for solvated ionic species, pH, and conductivity [9,10]. The analysis also showed a discrepancy between charge balance, ionic strength, and conductivity, suggesting unidentified anionic species.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: JSC-CN-19612 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 01, 2010 - Mar 05, 2010; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 5
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    Marquette Island: A Distinct Mafic Lithology Discovered by Opportunity (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: While rolling over the Meridiani Planum sedimentary terrane, the rover Opportunity has occasionally discovered large, 〉 10 cm erratics. Most of these have proven to be meteorites [1], but one - Bounce Rock - is a martian basaltic rock similar in composition to the meteorite EETA79001 lithology B [2]. Presently, Opportunity is intensively investigating an --30 cm tall rock named Marquette Island that may be a distinct type of martian mafic lithology. We report the results of its continuing investigation using the Microscopic Imager (MI); Mossbauer Spectrometer (MB) and Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS). A companion abstract discusses the results of Panoramic Camera (Pancam) imaging of the rock [3].
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: JSC-CN-19543 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 01, 2010 - Mar 05, 2010; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 6
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    Compositions of Spherules and Rock Surfaces at Meridiani (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometers (APXS) on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) have proven extremely valuable for analyzing rocks and soils on the surface of Mars. The precision of their compositional measurements has been shown to be phenomenal through analyses of the compositionally very uniform Meridiani soils. Through combined use of the rock abrasion tool (RAT) and the analytical instruments on the in-situ deployment device (IDD), analyses of the interiors of fine-grained and texturally uniform rocks with surfaces ground flat have been made under conditions that are nearly ideal for this mode of analysis. The APXS has also been used frequently to analyze materials whose characteristics, surface morphologies, and sample-detector geometries are less than ideal, but the analyses of which are nonetheless very useful for understanding the makeup of the target materials. Such targets include undisturbed rocks with irregular and sometimes coated surfaces and mixed targets such as soils that include fine-grained components as well as coarse grains and pieces of rocks. Such target materials include the well known hematite-rich concretions, referred to as blueberries because of their multispectral color, size, and mode of occurrence. In addition to non-ideal target geometry, such mixed materials also present a heterogeneous target in terms of density. These irregularities violate the assumptions commonly associated with analyses done in the laboratory to achieve the highest possible accuracy. Here we acknowledge the irregularities and we examine the inferences drawn from specific chemical trends obtained on imperfect targets in light of one of the potential pitfalls of natural materials on the surface of Mars, namely thin dust coatings.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: 7th International Conference on Mars; Jul 09, 2007 - Jul 13, 2007; Pasadena, CA; United States
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  • 7
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    A Simplified View of the Geochemical Diversity Surrounding Home Plate (2008)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Home Plate feature (Fig. 1) within the Inner Basin of the Columbia Hills consists of layered rocks and has been interpreted as an accumulation of pyroclastic deposits [1]. Samples analyzed by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer within ~25 meters of the eastern margin of Home Plate exhibit a strikingly diverse range of geochemical compositions, including the highest levels of Mg, Si, K, Zn, and Ni measured at Gusev Crater. This wide range of chemical variability across the 40+ samples analyzed on and near Home Plate can be represented by contributions from only six primary components. This reconstruction is not reflected in the M ssbauer mineralogy suggesting that significant alteration of the contributing components has occurred.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: 39th Lunar Planetary Science Conference; Mar 10, 2008 - Mar 14, 2008; League City, TX; United States
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  • 8
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    PYTi-NiCr Signatures in the Columbia Hills are Present in Certain Martian Meteorites (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Uniquely high levels of phosphorus and titanium were observed in several samples [1-3] by the APXS x-ray fluorescence measurements as the MER Spirit rover climbed Husband Hill (Columbia Hills, Gusev crater, Mars). A careful study of many such samples and their geochemical variability has revealed additional elements in this pattern, and that the derived multi-element signature is also unambiguously manifested in several martian meteorites.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 13, 2006 - Mar 17, 2006; League City, TX; United States
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  • 9
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    Chemistry of Meridiani Outcrops (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The chemistry and mineralogy of the sulfate-rich sandstone outcrops at Meridiani Planum, Mars, have been inferred from data obtained by the Opportunity rover of the MER mission and reported in recent publications [1-6]. Here, we provide an update on more recent samples and results derived from this extensive data set.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 13, 2006 - Mar 17, 2006; League City, TX; United States
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  • 10
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    Evidence for Halite at Meridiani Planum (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The outcrop rocks investigated by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity at Meridiani Planum consist of altered basaltic fines emplaced through aeolian and aqueous processes. Diagenesis through episodes of groundwater influx is likely responsible for lithification of the sediments, formation and subsequent dissolution of embedded crystals, and development of hematitic spherules with occasional cemented overgrowths [1]. The action of liquid water in the development of these rocks prompts the search for pure evaporative salts such as chlorides. Extensive deposits of this nature have not yet been discovered and may be a result of erosion and removal from stratigraphic layers above those sampled by Opportunity, or burial beneath accessible depths [2]. Nonetheless, the presence of small amounts of halite (NaCl) associated with coatings and rinds is indicated by the available data.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 13, 2006 - Mar 17, 2006; League City, TX; United States
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