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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1547-1553 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Imidazaboles ; Carbene-borane adducts ; Azole-borane adducts ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation and characterization of five new imidazabole derivatives is reported: 1,5-dibenzyl-4,4,8,8-tetrahydroimidazabole (2), 4,4,8,8-tetrafluoro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (3), 4,4-difluoro-8,8-dihydro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (4), 4,4,8,8-tetrachloro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (5), and 4,4,8,8-tetraethyl-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (6). The structures of compounds 2-6 as dimeric carbene-borane adducts rather than dimeric N-borane adducts are discussed on the basis of NMR (2-6) and X-ray diffraction data (2, 3, 5 and 6).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Alkaline earth metals ; Group-13 metals ; Coordination chemistry ; Bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-1-hydroxy-2-phenyl)amine ligand ; Nonacoordinated strontium compound ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol and aqueous ammonia with boron, aluminum, gallium, or strontium chloride, or with calcium or barium acetate produce, under oxidizing conditions, neutral complexes of stoichiometric formulae ML (M = BCl), ML2, [M = Al (2), Ga (3), Ca (4), and Ba (5)], and ML3H [M = Sr (6)] [L = different oxidation states of bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-1-hydroxy-2-phenyl)amine]. The structures of 1 and 4-6 were established by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and of 2, 3, and 6 by X-ray diffraction. The coordination compound ClBL (1) was obtained by transmetallation of ZnL2 with BCl3. It is a tetracyclic compound with tetracoordinated boron and nitrogen atoms, the ligand being in the reduced form, bis(hydroxyphenyl)amine. The paramagnetic complexes 2 and 3 crystallized in the triclinic system and are hexacoordinated with two orthogonal planar ligands bonded to the metal atoms. The ligands appear in two different oxidation states: one as the monoanion and another as a radical dianion. Based on their X-ray diffraction molecular structures, it is deduced that both ligands have similar structures, confirming electronic delocalization and fast interconversion of their oxidation states. Ca and Ba complexes are diamagnetic and hexacoordinated, both ligands being monoanions The strontium complex crystallized in the monoclinic system, the metal atom is nonacoordinated, having two ligands as monoanions, and a third one is a neutral protonated diquinone. Its structure is a distorted helix with three paddles in a C3 geometry and its unexpected diamagnetic behaviour is due to the presence of a reduced protonated ligand.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetobacter ; Herbaspirillum ; growth ; identification ; PCR ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen-fixing Acetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans colonize sugar cane, and are thought to be capable of supplying high levels of fixed nitrogen to this plant. Eight A. diazotrophicus, two H. seropedicae and four H. rubrisubalbicans isolates were identified and compared by complementary biochemical and genetic methods. Utilization of carbon sources and antibiotic resistance patterns allowed differentiation of A. diazotrophicus from Herbaspirillum species. In order to distinguish strains within A. diazotrophicus species, the polymerase chain reaction was employed, using a Rhizobium meliloti dctA primer under low stringency hybridization conditions.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: toxicity ; cultures ; oligochaetes ; T. tubifex ; growth ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reproduction in Tubifex tubifex is being used as part of a suite of indicators of sediment toxicity in Canada and Spain, and reproduction of T. tubifex is being considered as a component of sediment objectives for environmental regulation and clean-up in the Canadian Great Lakes. The data being used to set these reproductive targets have been developed from a single culture of T. tubifex from Lake Erie. The plasticity of this particular species is well known and before it can be adopted widely as a test organism it is necessary to determine whether a single culture source should be used or if cultures derived from different populations respond similarly. A series of experiments with two cultures, one from Lake Erie the second from a small mountain stream in Northern Spain have shown that the Spanish worms appear to produce fewer cocoons per adult (mean 8.6 S.D. 1.0) than those from Lake Erie (mean 10.4 S.D. 0.3) at 22.5 °C, a standard test temperature. The number of young produced per adult by the Spanish culture is also lower (mean 19.0 S.D. 4.6) than the L. Erie population (mean 30.6 S.D. 2.3), however, the Spanish population has higher reproductions rates at a lower temperature. The Spanish worms also have lower and more variable growth rates than the Canadian population. There also appear to be slight differences in the sensitivities to toxicants, with the Canadian worms having higher LC50s for copper, chromium and cadmium. While there are differences in the responses in the two cultures these are not considered to be sufficient to invalidate the use of either population in a standard bioassay protocol as long as appropriate calibration and validation are undertaken.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: β-carotene ; baker's yeast ; growth ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coloration of phyllopods varies from place to place and from one life stage to another. It ranges from translucent or whitish through gray, blue, green, orange, and reddish. Here, we present experimental evidence for a food- dependent color pattern inThamnocephalus platyurus Packard. The presence or absence of the synthetic pigment trans — β — carotene in a baker's yeast diet was the controlling factor. All the 24 old larvae used in the experiment were whitish in color. From day 6 until the end the experiment (day 11), 100% of the shrimps under a diet with synthetic trans — β — carotene (treatment 1) exhibited a characteristic color pattern which consisted of an orange color in the cercopods, and in all theracopods; the rest of the body exhibited no particular color. In comparison, 100% of the shrimps under a diet without synthetic trans — β — carotene (treatment 2) were whitish throughout the body. In females from treatment 1, the ovaries and oocytes were green-bluish, while in females from treatment 2 the ovaries and oocytes were whitish. No significant differences in survival and growth were found, except that at day 9, there was a significant difference in growth, the females with the synthetic trans — β — carotene group growing faster.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Thamnocephalus ; Branchinecta ; growth ; filter-feeders ; feeding ; clay ; silicium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We designed and standardized a culture method for freshwater anostracans using diets free of live algae.Thamnocephalus platyurus andBranchinecta lindahli were used as test organisms. We used baker's yeast as basic food and added inert particles (clay or amorphic silicium dioxide) to improve the digestion of the yeast. A flow-through culture system was used, according to a fixed feeding schedule, to supply separately, culture medium (tap water), food, and inert particle suspensions. Three variants with baker's yeast as basic, food were compared for survival, growth, and reproduction. A diet of solely baker's yeast (diet 1) or baker's yeast supplemented with vegetal oil containing ß-carotene (diet 2) was unsuitable for reproduction ofT. platyurus. Cyst production was only achieved when diet 2 was supplemented with fish oil andSpirulina powder (diet 3). This suggests that not only a digestibility problem, but also nutritional deficiencies are present in baker's yeast.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Tubifex tubifex ; sediment bioassay ; hormesis ; growth ; reproduction ; egestion rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Toxicity assessment based on sediment chronic bioassays with the aquatic worm Tubifex tubifex was performed at ten contaminated sites in the industrial area of Bilbao (Northern Spain). One control and three reference sites were also included. Tubifex bioassay measures both survival and reproduction impairment. These endpoints have been contrasted and discussed in relation to somatic growth and both individual and total biomass of cocoons. Survival was only affected at one site which was heavily contaminated by organic compounds, mainly PAHs. A group of four severely ecotoxic sediments was characterised by a drastic reduction in number and size of cocoons, and adult somatic growth. In other group of sediments, some significant increases were found for these variables. It is suggested that these increases represent an effect of hormesis. An index of reproductive effort was used to integrate the relationship between somatic growth and reproduction. Values of reproductive effort at the test sediments were lower than those at the control sediment, suggesting a conservative strategy of oligochaete worms which consisted in an investment into somatic line (growth) at the expenses of offspring. Rates of food consumption which were estimated from egestion rates, were low at the contaminated sites. This fact could be related to the low production levels found at these sites and may reflect avoidance feeding behaviour of the oligochaete worms within the sediments. At some reference sites, high production could have resulted from high nutritional quality of sediments, or to an hormetic effect due to low concentration of some chemicals. Results are discussed in relation to toxicity data from sediment three-brood bioassay with Daphnia magna Straus performed separately on the same sediments.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 1017-1024 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: autocatalysis ; coiled coil ; kinetics ; peptides ; self-replication ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A 32-residue α-helical peptide with a sequence similiar to that of the GCN4 leucine zipper region is shown to catalyze its own formation by accelerating the amide bond formation of a 17-residue peptide, preactivated as a thiobenzyl ester, and a 15-residue peptide with a N-terminal cysteine. The self-replication process displays parabolic growth characteristics as revealed by a detailed kinetic analysis. Control reactions with single-mutant peptides strongly support a mechanism in which a ternary and/or quaternary complex of the product with both peptide fragments act(s) as the catalytically active intermediate(s). Furthermore, these experiments reveal a remarkable sequence selectivity, as evidenced by the loss of autocatalytic activity as a result of a single replacement of leucine or valine residues with an alanine at the recognition interface.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: agar ; Gracilaria tenuistipitata ; growth ; salinity ; seawater pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acclimation responses of the red alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui collected on the northwest coast of Philippines were determined in laboratory setups and outdoor cultivation tanks in Haifa, Israel. Growth under laboratory conditions was influenced by all three variables studied, namely, temperature (20 or 30 °C), salinity (20, 30 or39‰) and seawater pH (6.5, 7.0, 8.0 or ≥ 9.0). In 250 mL flasks lacking pH control growth was influenced by temperature only at 20 ‰, whereas at 39 ‰, growth rates were similar at 20 or 30 °C. In 500 mL cylinders in which pH was controlled, growth rates were significantly different at a pH of 6.5 and 7.0 for all salinities, with maximal rates occurring in 39 ‰. At pH 8.0, and above, growth rates between salinities were similar and reduced to approximately 50% at a pH of 9.0 compared to rates at a pH of 6.5. Photosynthesis responses generally resembled growth responses both, in 250 mL and 500 mL cultures. In 40-L outdoor tanks, weekly growth and agar yields were apparently enhanced by increasing light intensities (up to full sunlight) and nutrient concentrations (up to 0.2 mM PO3 2- and 2.0 mM NH4 +), and rates averaged four times higher than rates determined in the smaller flask cultures. This study shows broad salinity tolerance of G. tenuistipitata var. liui and its ability to sustain growth rates that are among the highest measured for Gracilaria spp. in outdoor cultures.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Trinuclear triangulo palladium complex ; 2-Hydroxyacetophenone N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone ; Dimethylformamide aggregation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray crystal structure of a palladium(II) complex of 2-hydroxyacetophenone N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone (H2Ap4E) shows it to be a triangular,trinuclear complex with bridging thiosemicarbazonato sulfur atoms. This species can be formed from a monomer on dissolution in DMF or directly from Li2PdCl4 and the thiosemicarbazone in methanol-ammonia solution.
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