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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition of anomalous cosmic rays and implications for the heliosphere (1996)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 78 (1996), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: abundances ; anomalous cosmic rays ; Voyager ; interstellar medium ; heliosphere ; solar wind termination shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We use energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) measured with the Cosmic Ray instrument on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the period 1994/157-313 to determine several parameters of interest to heliospheric studies. We estimate that the strength of the solar wind termination shock is 2.42 (−0.08, +0.04). We determine the composition of ACRs by estimating their differential energy spectra at the shock and find the following abundance ratios: H/He = 5.6 (−0.5, +0.6), C/He = 0.00048 ± 0.00011, N/He = 0.011 ± 0.001, O/He = 0.075 ± 0.006, and Ne/He = 0.0050 ± 0.0004. We correlate our observations with those of pickup ions to deduce that the long-term ionization rate of neutral nitrogen at 1 AU is ∼ 8.3 × 10−7 s−1 and that the charge-exchange cross section for neutral N and solar wind protons is ∼ 1.0 × 10−15 cm2 at 1.1 keV. We estimate that the neutral C/He ratio in the outer heliosphere is 1.8(−0.7, +0.9) × 10−5. We also find that heavy ions are preferentially injected into the acceleration process at the termination shock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170798
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous Cosmic Rays and Solar Modulation (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: anomalous cosmic rays ; Pioneer 10 ; SAMPEX ; Voyager ; solar modulation ; heliosphere ; solar wind termination shock ; diffusion coefficient ; gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We review aspects of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) that bear on the solar modulation of energetic particles in the heliosphere. We show that the latitudinal and radial gradients of these particles exhibit a 22-year periodicity in concert with the reversal of the Sun's magnetic field. The power-law index of the low energy portion of the energy spectrum of ACRs at the shock in 1996 appears to be ≤ -1.3, suggesting that the strength of the solar wind termination shock at the helioequatorial plane is relatively weak, with s ≤ 2.8. The rigidity dependence of the perpendicular interplanetary mean free path in the outer heliosphere for particles with rigidities between ∼ 0.2 and 0.7 GV varies approximately as R2, where R is particle rigidity. There is evidence that ACR oxygen is primarily multiply charged above ∼ 20 MeV/nuc and primarily singly-charged below ∼ 16 MeV/nuc. The location of the termination shock was at ∼ 65 AU in 1987 and ∼ 85 AU in 1994.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005057010311
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    Streaming energetic electrons in earth's magnetotail - Evidence for substorm-associated magnetic reconnection (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This letter reports the results of a systematic study of streaming greater than 200 keV electrons observed in the magnetotail with the Caltech Electron/Isotope Spectrometers aboard IMP-7 and IMP-8. A clear statistical association of streaming events with southward magnetic fields, often of steep inclination, and with substorms as evidenced by the AE index is demonstrated. These results support the interpretation that streaming energetic electrons are indicative of substorm-associated magnetic reconnection in the near-earth plasma sheet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Plasma behavior during energetic electron streaming events further evidence for substorm-associated magnetic reconnection (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A recent study showed that streaming energetic (more than 200 keV) electrons in earth's magnetotail are statistically associated with southward magnetic fields and with enhancements of the AE index. It is shown here that the streaming electrons characteristically are preceded by an approximately 15-minute period of tailward plasma flow and followed by a dropout of the plasma sheet, thus demonstrating a clear statistical association between substorms and the classical signatures of magnetic reconnection and plasmoid formation. Additionally, a brief upward surge of mean electron energy preceded plasma dropout in several of the events studied, providing direct evidence of localized, reconnection-associated heating processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; June 198
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Energetic electrons in the magnetosheath and upstream of the bow shock (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Four years of data gathered by the IMP 8 electron/isotope spectrometer are used in a study of the characteristics and transport of electrons of more than 200 keV, both upstream of the earth's bow shock and in the outer magnetosheath. With the aid of a new coordinate system, it is shown that (1) the upstream electron bursts are most often seen on interplanetary field lines which trace to the inner magnetosheath, and (2) the total energy transported sunward by the electrons averages about 1.6 x 10 to the 14th ergs/sec. This figure is comparable to the tailward energy flow observed in the permanent layer of energetic electrons adjacent to the magnetopause. The net flow of energetic electrons in the magnetosheath is toward the shock, and nearly equals the net flow away from the shock in the adjacent upstream region. The energetic electrons studied appear to be closely related, and may have a common origin in either the inner magnetosheath or the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Jan. 1
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Electron polar cap and the boundary of open geomagnetic field lines. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A total of 333 observations of the boundary of the polar access region for electrons (energies greater than 530 keV) provides a comprehensive map of the electron polar cap. The boundary of the electron polar cap, which should occur at the latitude separating open and closed field lines, is consistent with previously reported closed field line limits determined from trapped-particle data. The boundary, which is sharply defined, seems to occur at one of three discrete latitudes. Although the electron flux is generally uniform across the polar cap, a limited region of reduced access is observed about 10% of the time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NSSDC-ID-67-073A-O8-PM , Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Oct. 1
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    High energy electron spikes at high latitudes (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Over 750 spikes of precipitating electrons with E or = 425 KeV were observed aboard the low altitude polar orbiter OGO-D between 30 July 1967 and 31 December 1967. The spikes may be divided into three distinct populations, depending on whether they occur at latitudes below, at, or above the local limit of trapping.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-122512 , SRL-72-1
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    The relationship of energy flow at the magnetopause to geomagnetic activity (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Properties of the energetic electron (E greater than or approximately equal to 200 keV) magnetopause layer along the distant magnetotail have been studied with Caltech instrumentation aboard IMP-8 for approximately 60 spacecraft orbits. The cross-sectional area of the layer appears to increase by a factor of approximately 5 with increasing geomagnetic activity, and the average unidirectional electron flux within the layer increases by a factor of approximately 4. The energy carried by electrons greater than or approximately equal to 200 keV ranges from approximately 10 to the 14th ergs per second to approximately 10 to the 15th ergs per second. Extrapolation to include all electrons greater than 1 keV suggests total energy flow ranging from approximately 3 x 10 to the 15th ergs per second at quiet times to approximately 5 x 10 to the 18th ergs per second at magnetically disturbed times.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Energetic electron anisotropies in the magnetotail - Identification of open and closed field lines (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Unidirectional anisotropies in the energetic electron fluxes (E greater than or equal to about 200 keV) have been observed in the earth's magnetotail with the Caltech Electron/Isotope Spectrometer on IMP-8. The anisotropies occur during periods of enhanced fluxes and provide essential information on the topology (open or closed) of the magnetotail field lines which are associated with recently identified acceleration regions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Sept
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Microstructure of magnetic reconnection in earth's magnetotail (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The structure of heated electron reconnection events associated with magnetic substorm events in the earth's magnetotail is examined using IMP 8 spacecraft and ground-based magnetometer, plasma analyzer and spectroscopic data. Plasma, magnetic field and energetic particle data for five events are presented. Reconnection is shown to occur in two phases: preheating and heating. In preheating, lasting about 5 min, a strong tailward plasma flow appears and ends with electron heating. A 1-2 min heating phase starts with electron heating and ends with plasma sheet drop out and/or decay of the electron temperature to pre-event levels. The heating pulse is always connected with a Bx reversal at 30 earth radii tailward, where the reconnection occurs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 6705-671
    Format: text
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