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  • GEOPHYSICS  (17)
  • 1980-1984  (17)
  • 1
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    Space Shuttle ice nuclei (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Estimates are made showing that, as a consequence of rocket activity in the earth's upper atmosphere in the Shuttle era, average ice nuclei concentrations in the upper atmosphere could increase by a factor of two, and that an aluminum dust layer weighing up to 1000 tons might eventually form in the lower atmosphere. The concentrations of Space Shuttle ice nuclei (SSIN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere were estimated by taking into account the composition of the particles, the extent of surface poisoning, and the size of the particles. Calculated stratospheric size distributions at 20 km with Space Shuttle particulate injection, calculated SSIN concentrations at 10 and 20 km altitude corresponding to different water vapor/ice supersaturations, and predicted SSIN concentrations in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 298; Aug. 26
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Implications of stratospheric aerosol measurements for models of aerosol formation and evolution (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calculations of the distribution of stratospheric sulfur gases and of stratospheric aerosols are compared with measurements obtained in Alaska during July 1979. Generally, the measurements are reasonably consistent with the model results. COS is the major sulfur-bearing gas in the stratosphere while CS2 plays a lesser role in the formation of sulfate aerosols. Ammonia, which earlier measurements suggested was a major aerosol constituent, is found to be a contaminant, so models without ammonia chemistry may be justified. The model and the measurements suggest that stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols nucleate just above the tropopause, but they are older and have grown to larger sizes at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 3
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    Implications of smaller concentrations of stratospheric OH - A two-dimensional model study of ozone perturbations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There is growing observational evidence that stratospheric OH concentrations are smaller than models have been predicting. Using very recent HOx reaction rate coefficient measurements in a two-dimensional photochemical model, results which support these observations are obtained. As a consequence of smaller OH concentrations, we show that perturbations of stratospheric ozone by NOx (SST emissions and nitrogen fertilizers) may be larger than expected, while perturbations due to added water vapor and chlorine (SSTs and chlorofluoromethanes, respectively) may be smaller.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 15; 9, 19; 1981
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    A two-dimensional model simulation of the EL Chichon volcanic eruption cloud (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using a two-dimensional model of sulfate photochemistry, transport, and aerosol microphysics, a 2-year period following the eruptions of El Chichon have been simulated. Present calculations suggest that the residence time of the cloud in the stratosphere exceeds 2 years. The model reproduces the observed optical depth, lidar backscatter, and infrared extinction coefficients, if about 10 megatonnes of SO2 are injected. The major deficiency of the model is a somewhat too rapid transport.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1053-105
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  • 5
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    The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens - Physical and chemical processes in the stratospheric clouds (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The large and diverse set of observational data collected in the high-altitude plumes of the May 18, May 25, and June 13, 1980 eruptions is organized and analyzed with a view to discerning the processes at work. The data serve to guide and constrain detailed model simulations of the volcanic clouds. For this purpose, use is made of a comprehensive one-dimensional model of stratospheric sulfate aerosols, sulfur precursor gases, and volcanic ash and dust. The model takes into account gas-phase and condensed-phase (heterogeneous) chemistry in the clouds, aerosol nucleation and growth, and cloud expansion. Computational results are presented for the time histories of the gaseous species concentrations, aerosol size distributions, and ash burdens of the eruption clouds. Also investigated are the long-term buildup of stratospheric aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere and the persistent effects of injected chlorine and water vapor on stratospheric ozone. It is concluded that SO2, water vapor, and ash were probably the most important substances injected into the stratosphere by the Mount St. Helens volcano, both with respect to their widespread effects on composition and their effect on climate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 6
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    Long wavelength carbonyl sulfide photodissociation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The aeronomic implications of a preliminary observation of weak OCS photoabsorption above 270 nm are investigated. It is argued that the measured cross section is consistent with a forbidden transition in this wavelength region. Model calculations are made for the OCS photodissociation rates in daylight, the OCS and SO2 distributions in the upper atmosphere, and the budgets of sulfur in the stratosphere and OCS in the troposphere, assuming various extrapolations of the measured OCS absorption cross sections and quantum yields to longer wavelengths. It is shown that weak OCS absorption above 300 nm can have important consequences for all of these quantities. Laboratory and field experiments are identified which might lead to a better understanding of the atmospheric OCS cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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  • 7
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    Stratospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations - New limitations suggested by observations of gaseous and particulate sulfur (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A one-dimensional aerosol model is employed in investigating the sensitivity of the stratospheric distributions of gaseous sulfur compounds and sulfate aerosol particles to changes in OH and CS2 concentrations, in eddy diffusion coefficients, and in important chemical rate constants. By comparing model predictions with recent observational data for SO2, OCS, and particulates, it is found that, with regard to atmospheric sulfur, CS2 is only a secondary source of sulfur for the stratosphere relative to OCS and that background tropospheric CS2 concentrations by volume are likely to be less than 70 parts per trillion. It is also established that under stratospheric conditions the rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with OCS and CS2 may be substantially smaller than the room temperature laboratory values of Kurylo (1978).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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  • 8
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    Smoke and dust particles of meteoric origin in the mesosphere and stratosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A height profile of ablated mass from meteors is calculated, assuming an incoming mass of 10 to the -16th g/sq cm/s (44 metric tons per day) and the velocity distribution of Southworth and Sekanina, which has a mean of 14.5 km/s. The profile peaks at 84 km. The fluxes of micrometeorites and residual meteoroids are also calculated. The coagulation of the evaporated silicates into 'smoke' particles is then followed by means of a model adapted from a previous study of the stratospheric sulfate layer. Numerous sensitivity tests are made. Features of the results are a sharp cutoff of the particle distribution above 90 km, and a surface area close to 10 to the -9th sq cm/cu cm all the way from 30 to 85 km. Some confirmation is obtained from balloon studies of condensation nuclei, although the various measurements differ greatly. The optical scattering and extinction are shown to be undetectable. Several potential applications are suggested: nucleation of sulfate particles and noctilucent clouds, scavenging of metallic ions and atoms, and perhaps other aeronomical effects. The latter are limited to processes that can be influenced by a collision time of the order of a day.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; June 198
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  • 9
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    An analysis of the physical, chemical, optical, and historical impacts of the 1908 Tunguska meteor fall (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analysis is presented of the physical characteristics and photochemical aftereffects of the 1908 Tunguska explosive cometary meteor, whose physical manifestations are consistent with a five million ton object's entry into the earth's atmosphere at 40 km/sec. Aerodynamic calculations indicate that the shock waves emanating from the falling meteor could have generated up to 30 million tons of nitric oxide in the stratosphere and mesosphere. A fully interactive one-dimensional chemical-kinetics model of atmospheric trace constituents is used to estimate the photochemical consequences of such a large NO injection. The 35-45% hemispherical ozone depletion predicted by the model is in keeping with the 30 + or - 15% ozone variation reported for the first year after the Tunguska fall. Attention is also given to the optical anomalies which followed the event for indications of NO(x)-O(x) chemiluminescent emissions, NO2 solar absorption, and meteoric dust turbidity, along with possible climate changes due to the nearly one million tons of pulverized dust deposited in the mesosphere and stratosphere by the meteor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 50; Apr. 198
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Effects of meteoric debris on stratospheric aerosols and gases (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Characterizations of meteoric dust height and size distributions are obtained using Hunten's calculations of meteor ablation and recondensation rates. The contribution of meteor residues to aerosol composition, the role of meteoric dust as condensation nuclei, and the effects of meteor debris on aerosol size distributions are quantified, and particle surface areas are estimated. The potential importance of heterogeneous chemistry for stratospheric trace gases is discussed. The interaction between H2SO4 vapor and meteor metal vapors is investigated. It is concluded that meteoric particles may dominate the natural stratospheric aerosols at small (less than .01 micron radius) and large (greater than 1 micron radius) sizes under normal conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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