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  • GEOPHYSICS  (10)
  • 1980-1984  (10)
  • 1
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    Possible effects of the El Chichon volcanic cloud on the radiation budget of the northern tropics (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of calculations with a one-dimensional, time-marching, radiative-convective model are performed to assess the impact of the El Chichon volcanic cloud on the radiation budget of the northern tropics during the 6-month period following the injection of volcanic material into the stratosphere. Extensive measurement of the cloud obtained from airborne, spacecraft, and ground platforms were used to define the model parameters and to test the predictions of the model. The El Chichon cloud is predicted to have caused an increase in planetary albedo of 10 percent, a decrease in total solar radiation of 2-3 percent at the ground on cloudless days, and an increase in temperature of 3.5 K at the 24-km (30-mb) level. These predictions are compatible with relevant observations, within their respective error bars.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1057-106
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  • 2
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    Effects of high CO2 levels on surface temperature and atmospheric oxidation state of the early earth (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: One-dimensional radiative and photochemical models are used to determine how much CO2 must have been present to maintain a temperate early climate and to examine the consequences that are implied for the controls on atmospheric oxidation state. It is shown that CO2 concentrations of the order of 1000 PAL are required to keep the average surface temperature close to the present value, if albedo changes and heating by reduced greenhouse gases were relatively unimportant. The oxidation state of such a high-CO2, prebiotic atmosphere should have been largely determined by the balance between the H2O2 rainout rate and the rate at which hydrogen escaped to space, with only a weak dependence on the volcanic outgassing rate or on other speculative sources of H2. The implied upper limit on the ground-level O2 mixing ratio is approximately 10 to the -11th and is subject to less uncertainty than the results of previous models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry (ISSN 0167-7764); 1; 4, 19
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  • 3
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    Stratospheric aerosol model (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 170
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  • 4
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    Measurements of the volcanic plumes of Mount St. Helens in the stratosphere and troposphere - Introduction (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 5
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    Scattering by nonspherical particles of size comparable to wavelength - A new semi-empirical theory and its application to tropospheric aerosols (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A semiempirical theory is developed which is based on simple physical principles and comparisons with laboratory measurements. The ultimate utility of this approach rests on its ability to successfully reproduce the observed single-scattering phase function for a wide variety of particle shapes, sizes and refractive indices. This approximate theory is developed for evaluating the interaction of randomly oriented, nonspherical particles with the total intensity component of electromagnetic radiation. Mie theory is used when the particle size parameter x (ratio of particle circumference to wavelength) is less than some upper bound x sub zero (about 5). For x greater than x sub zero, the interaction is divided into three components: diffraction, external reflection and transmission. The application of the theory is illustrated by considering the influence of the shape of tropospheric aerosols on their contribution to the earth's global albedo.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Apr. 198
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  • 6
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    The El Chichon volcanic cloud - An introduction (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Background information on the El Chichon volcanic cloud is provided, and coordinated observational campaigns designed to investigate the El Chichon cloud are described. An introduction is then given to the set of papers about the El Chichon cloud in Geophysical Research Letters, volume 10, number 11. Topics discussed include in situ measurements of the size distribution of the volcanic aerosols, high resolution size measurements, the spatial and temporal evolution of the cloud, and the optical properties of the cloud.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 989-992
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  • 7
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    Spectroscopic measurements of the 8- to 13-micrometer transmission of the upper atmosphere following the El Chichon eruptions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Infrared transmission spectra of the atmosphere above 11-km altitude were obtained at latitudes from 2 deg S to 50 deg N in December 1982. A circular variable-interference filter spectrometer mounted in a Convair 990 (the Galileo II) aircraft was used to obtain spectra of the sun through different air masses. Comparisons of spectra through different air masses provide atmospheric transmission measurements that show not only normal absorption features, such as those from CO2 and O3, but also additional absorption near 8.5 microns consistent with H2SO4 aerosols. The average fractional absorption from latitude 10 deg N to 41 deg N at 8.5 microns was 0.02/air mass, half of which was attributable to aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1009-101
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  • 8
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    An analysis of the physical, chemical, optical, and historical impacts of the 1908 Tunguska meteor fall (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analysis is presented of the physical characteristics and photochemical aftereffects of the 1908 Tunguska explosive cometary meteor, whose physical manifestations are consistent with a five million ton object's entry into the earth's atmosphere at 40 km/sec. Aerodynamic calculations indicate that the shock waves emanating from the falling meteor could have generated up to 30 million tons of nitric oxide in the stratosphere and mesosphere. A fully interactive one-dimensional chemical-kinetics model of atmospheric trace constituents is used to estimate the photochemical consequences of such a large NO injection. The 35-45% hemispherical ozone depletion predicted by the model is in keeping with the 30 + or - 15% ozone variation reported for the first year after the Tunguska fall. Attention is also given to the optical anomalies which followed the event for indications of NO(x)-O(x) chemiluminescent emissions, NO2 solar absorption, and meteoric dust turbidity, along with possible climate changes due to the nearly one million tons of pulverized dust deposited in the mesosphere and stratosphere by the meteor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 50; Apr. 198
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Tunguska meteor fall of 1908 - Effects on stratospheric ozone (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Tunguska meteor, whose disintegration over Siberia in 1908 may have generated as much as 30 million metric tons of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere and mesosphere, is discussed. The photochemical aftereffects of the event are simulated using a comprehensive model of atmospheric trace composition. Calculations are made which indicate that up to 45% of the ozone in the Northern Hemisphere may have been depleted by the meteor's nitric oxide cloud early in 1909 and that large ozone reductions may have persisted until 1912. Measurements of atmospheric transparency by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for the years 1909-1911 reveal evidence of a steady ozone recovery from unusually low levels in early 1909, implying a total ozone deficit of 30 + or - 15%. The coincidence in time between the observed ozone recovery and the Tunguska meteor fall suggests that the event may provide a test of current ozone depletion theories.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 214; Oct. 2
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Aerosol, radiation, and climate (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Airborne, spaceborne, and ground-based measurements are used to study the radiative and climatic effects of aerosols. The data, which are modelled with a hierarchy of radiation and climate models, and their implications are summarized. Consideration is given to volcanic aerosols, polar stratospheric clouds, and the Arctic haze. It is shown that several types of aerosols (volcanic particles and the Arctic haze) cause significant alterations to the radiation budget of the regions where they are located.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Oct 31, 1983 - Nov 04, 1983; Baltimore, MD
    Format: text
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