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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action spectrum for the effect of day-extensions on flowering and apex elongation in green, light-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Planta 179 (1989), S. 428-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Action spectrum ; Light-grown plants ; Photoperiodism ; Phytochrome (type I) ; Triticum (photoperiodism)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluence-rate response curves for wavelengths from 640 nm to 730 nm were constructed for the day-extension promotion of flowering in green, light-grown, wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Alexandria), a long-day plant. The resultant action spectrum had action maxima at 660 nm and 716 nm and resembles spectra for the high-irradiance reaction (HIR) seen in etiolated plants. Because, the HIR is thought to be controlled by type I pytochrome (that which is most abundant in etiolated tissue) our results indicate the involvement of type I phytochrome in the photomorphogenesis of a light-grown, green plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397581
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The kinetics of type 1 phytochrome in green, light-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Planta 194 (1994), S. 136-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Light and plant growth ; Photoperiodism ; Phytochrome (type 1) ; Triticum (phytochrome)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of type 1 phytochrome were investigated in green, light-grown wheat. Phytochrome was measured by a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies. The assay was capable of detecting down to 150 pg of phytochrome. In red light, rapid first-order destruction of the far-red-light-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) with a half-life of 15 min was observed. Following white light terminated by red, phytochrome synthesis was delayed in darkness by about 15 h compared to plants given a terminal far-red treatment. Synthesis of the red-light-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) was zero-order in these experiments. Phytochrome synthesis in far-red light was approximately equal to synthesis in darkness in wheat although net destruction occurred in light-grown Avena sativa tissues in continuous far-red light, as has been reported for other monocotyledons. In wheat, destruction of Pfr apparently did not occur below a certain threshold level of Pfr or Pfr/total phytochrome. These results are consistent with an involvement of type 1 phytochrome in the photoperiodic control of flowering in wheat and other long-day plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201044
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproduction and development of the South American freshwater stingrays,Potamotrygon circularis and P. motoro (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 9 (1983), S. 3-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Amazonia ; Batoidea ; Brazil ; Captive breeding ; Chondrichthyes ; Colombia ; Elasmobranchii ; Freshwater adaptation ; Growth rate ; Potamotrygonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Observations of reproductive features and body measurements were made on wild-caught, freshwater stingrays, Potamotrygon circularis and P. motoro, from the Amazon drainage of western Brazil and southern Colombia. Further observations were made in Detroit's Belle Isle Aquarium on a captive pair of P. motoro and their descendants, which constitute the first known captive breeding colony of potamotrygonids. The gross structure and function of female and male reproductive systems are described. There is no obvious difference between those of the two species. They are aplacentally viviparous, the young being nourished in advanced stages by uterine milk secreted by trophonemata. Size at onset and completion of sexual maturation, breeding season and behavior, gestation period, litter size and sex ratios are discussed. Up to 21 proportional measurements were made on several fetal and postnatal stages of both species. Several proportional changes occur in very early fetal life, but most body proportions undergo only minor changes from advanced fetal through adult stages. A growth curve is proposed for P. motoro based on observations of the captive colony.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001055
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life history implications of a tagging study of the largetooth sawfish, Pristis perotteti, in the Lake Nicaragua-Río San Juan system (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 207-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Batoids ; Chondrichthyes ; Costa Rica ; Elasmobranchs ; Euryhalinity ; Freshwater adaptation ; Growth rate ; Isolation of population ; Nicaragua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Of a total of 377 Pristis perotteti tagged in the Lake Nicaragua-Río San Juan System, 214 (56.8% were recovered. Eighty were recovered at the original tagging site; four moved downstream the full length of the river; and 127 tagged at the source of the river were recovered in all parts of the lake. Only one was recovered in a different river system, 58 km down the coast from the main mouth of the Río San Juan. A life span of 30 years is suggested, with rapid growth (30–40 cm per year) in the first three years, slowing to about 4 or 5 cm per year in the later years of life. Maximum sizes collected were 384 cm for males, 429 cm for females, smaller than maximum lengths reported elsewhere. The lake sawfish are not physically landlocked, but individuals remain in fresh water for very long periods; parturition takes place in fresh water; all sizes are found in the lake; and it appears that this stock finds all of its ecological needs met in the lake. Individuals may spend all of their lives in fresh water, although, as a species, P. perotteti has not completely abandoned the sea, since some are known to occur in salt water. The Lake Nicaragua-Río San Juan sawfish are a discrete stock, with only limited gene flow with neighboring stocks. P. perotteti is farther along in its adaptation to fresh water, in being able both to osmoregulate and reproduce there, than other known euryhaline elasmobranchs, except for the African stingray, Dasyatis garouaensis, of the Niger-Benue System, and the completely adapted South American freshwater rays (family Potamotrygonidae).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002497
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  • 5
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    Impact of Evolving Isoprene Mechanisms on Simulated Formaldehyde: An Inter-comparison Supported by in Situ Observations from SENEX (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Isoprene oxidation schemes vary greatly among gas-phase chemical mechanisms, with potentially significant ramifications for air quality modeling and interpretation of satellite observations in biogenic-rich regions. In this study, in situ observations from the 2013 SENEX mission are combined with a constrained O-D photochemical box model to evaluate isoprene chemistry among five commonly used gas-phase chemical mechanisms: CBO5, CB6r2, MCMv3.2, MCMv3.3.1, and a recent version of GEOS-Chem. Mechanisms are evaluated and inter-compared with respect to formaldehyde (HCHO), a high-yield product of isoprene oxidation. Though underestimated by all considered mechanisms, observed HCHO mixing ratios are best reproduced by MCMv3.3.1 (normalized mean bias = -15%), followed by GEOS-Chem (-17%), MCMv3.2 (-25%), CB6r2 (-32%) and CB05 (-33%). Inter-comparison of HCHO production rates reveals that major restructuring of the isoprene oxidation scheme in the Carbon Bond mechanism increases HCHO production by only approx. 5% in CB6r2 relative to CBO5, while further refinement of the complex isoprene scheme in the Master Chemical Mechanism increases HCHO production by approx. 16% in MCMv3.3.1 relative to MCMv3.2. The GEOS-Chem mechanism provides a good approximation of the explicit isoprene chemistry in MCMv3.3.1 and generally reproduces the magnitude and source distribution of HCHO production rates. We analytically derive improvements to the isoprene scheme in CB6r2 and incorporate these changes into a new mechanism called CB6r2-UMD, which is designed to preserve computational efficiency. The CB6r2-UMD mechanism mimics production of HCHO in MCMv3.3.1 and demonstrates good agreement with observed mixing ratios from SENEX (-14%). Improved simulation of HCHO also impacts modeled ozone: at approx. 0.3 ppb NO, the ozone production rate increases approx. 3% between CB6r2 and CB6r2-UMD, and rises another approx. 4% when HCHO is constrained to match observations.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47241 , Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 1352-2310); 164; 325-336
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  • 6
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    Airborne Measurements of Western U.S. Wildfire Emissions: Comparison with Prescribed Burning and Air Quality Implications (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Wildfires emit significant amounts of pollutants that degrade air quality. Plumes from three wildfires in the western U.S. were measured from aircraft during the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) and the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP), both in summer 2013. This study reports an extensive set of emission factors (EFs) for over 80 gases and 5 components of submicron particulate matter (PM1) from these temperate wildfires. These include rarely, or never before, measured oxygenated volatile organic compounds and multifunctional organic nitrates. The observed EFs are compared with previous measurements of temperate wildfires, boreal forest fires, and temperate prescribed fires. The wildfires emitted high amounts of PM1 (with organic aerosol (OA) dominating the mass) with an average EF that is more than 2 times the EFs for prescribed fires. The measured EFs were used to estimate the annual wildfire emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total non methane organic compounds, and PM1 from 11 western U.S. states. The estimated gas emissions are generally comparable with the 2011 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). However, our PM1 emission estimate (1530 +/- 570 Gg/yr) is over 3 times that of the NEI PM2.5 estimate and is also higher than the PM2.5 emitted from all other sources in these states in the NEI. This study indicates that the source of OA from biomass burning in the western states is significantly underestimated. In addition, our results indicate that prescribed burning may be an effective method to reduce fine particle emissions.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN44715 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 2169-897X); 122; 11; 6108-6129
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  • 7
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    Modeling Ozone in the Eastern U.S. Using a Fuel-Based Mobile Source Emissions Inventory (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-05
    Description: Recent studies suggest overestimates in current U.S. emission inventories of nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2). Here, we expand a previously developed Fuel-based Inventory of motor-Vehicle Emissions (FIVE) to the continental U.S. for the year 2013, and evaluate our estimates of mobile source emissions with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) interpolated to 2013. We find that mobile source emissions of NOx and carbon monoxide (CO) in the NEI are higher than FIVE by 28% and 90%, respectively. Using a chemical transport model, we model mobile source emissions from FIVE, and find consistent levels of urban NOx and CO as measured during the Southeast Nexus (SENEX) Study in 2013. Lastly, we assess the sensitivity of ozone (O3) over the Eastern U.S. to uncertainties in mobile source NOx emissions and biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. The ground-level O3 is sensitive to reductions in mobile source NOx emissions, most notably in the Southeastern U.S. and during O3 exceedance events, under the revised standard proposed in 2015 (〉70 ppb, 8-hr maximum). This suggests that decreasing mobile source NOx emissions could help in meeting more stringent O3 standards in the future.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN61544 , Environmental Science and Technology (ISSN 0013-936X) (e-ISSN 1520-5851); 52; 13; 7360–7370
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Decadal Changes in Summertime Reactive Oxidized Nitrogen and Surface Ozone over the Southeast United States (2018)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Widespread efforts to abate ozone (O3) smog have significantly reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) over the past 2 decades in the Southeast US, a place heavily influenced by both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions. How reactive nitrogen speciation responds to the reduction in NOx emissions in this region remains to be elucidated. Here we exploit aircraft measurements from ICARTT (International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation - July-August 2004), SENEX (Southeast Nexus - June-July 2013), and SEAC4RS (Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys - August-September 2013) and long-term ground measurement networks alongside a global chemistry-climate model to examine decadal changes in summertime reactive oxidized nitrogen (RON) and ozone over the Southeast US. We show that our model can reproduce the mean vertical profiles of major RON species and the total (NO (sub y)) in both 2004 and 2013. Among the major RON species, nitric acid (HNO3) is dominant (approximately 42-45 percent), followed by NOx (31 percent), total peroxy nitrates (Sigma PNs; 14 percent), and total alkyl nitrates (Sigma ANs; 9-12 percent) on a regional scale. We find that most RON species, including NOx, Sigma PNs, and HNO3, decline proportionally with decreasing NOx emissions in this region, leading to a similar decline in NO (sub y). This linear response might be in part due to the nearly constant summertime supply of biogenic VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) emissions in this region. Our model captures the observed relative change in RON and surface ozone from 2004 to 2013. Model sensitivity tests indicate that further reductions of NOx emissions will lead to a continued decline in surface ozone and less frequent high-ozone events.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN55277 , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (e-ISSN 1680-7324); 18; 3; 2341-2361
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  • 9
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    Emissions of Glyoxal and Other Carbonyl Compounds from Agricultural Biomass Burning Plumes Sampled by Aircraft (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-09
    Description: We report enhancements of glyoxal relative to carbon monoxide and formaldehyde from biomass burning plumes intercepted from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the 2013 Southeast Nexus and 2015 Shale Oil and Natural Gas Nexus field campaigns. The intercepted biomass burning plumes were from small agricultural fires. Since the plume ages were not known, these values are normalized excess mixing ratios, instead of the more common emission ratio, which is used only for fresh emissions. Glyoxal was measured using broadband cavity enhanced spectroscopy, which provides a sensitive and highly selective measurement of glyoxal. Emissions of other species such as methane, formaldehyde, and nitrous acid agreed with previous laboratory and field measurements, but the glyoxal emissions relative to CO were on average a factor of 4 lower than previously reported. Several glyoxal loss processes such as aerosol uptake were examined to determine if they could affect the observed glyoxal concentrations, but they were insufficient to explain the lower measured values of glyoxal relative to other biomass burning trace gases, indicating that glyoxal emissions from biomass burning may be significantly overestimated.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: NF1676L-27262 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN47723 , Environmental Science and Technology (ISSN 0013-936X) (e-ISSN 1520-5851); 51; 20; 11761-11770
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