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  • 1
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    Model predictions of latitude-dependent ozone depletion due to supersonic transport operations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented from a two-dimensional model of the stratosphere that simulates the seasonal movement of ozone by both wind and eddy transport, and contains all the chemistry known to be important. The calculated reductions in ozone due to NO2 injection from a fleet of supersonic transports are compared with the zonally averaged results of a three-dimensional model for a similar episode of injection. The agreement is good in the northern hemisphere, but is not as good in the southern hemisphere. Both sets of calculations show a strong corridor effect in that the predicted ozone depletions are largest to the north of the flight corridor for aircraft operating in the northern hemisphere.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 14; 12; p. 1738-1745
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  • 2
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    Preliminary assessment of the potential impact of solid-fueled rocket engines in the stratosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Free chlorine atoms produced from HCl deposited by solid-fueled rocket engines react to destroy odd oxygen in the stratosphere. Using a one-dimensional photochemical model, we have computed the reduction of ozone likely to be caused by long-term operation of such vehicles powered by large solid-fueled rocket engines. It is likely that ozone reduction will not be greater than a few tenths of a per cent, although the value is dependent upon ambient NO(x) concentrations.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Mar. 197
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  • 3
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    The stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer - Processes, models, observations, and simulations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: After briefly reviewing the observational data on the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, the chemical and physical processes that are likely to fix the properties of the layer are discussed. We present appropriate continuity equations for aerosol particles, and show how to solve the equations on a digital computer. Simulations of the unperturbed aerosol layer by various published models are discussed and the sensitivity of layer characteristics to variations in several aerosol model parameters is studied. We discuss model applications to anthropogenic pollution problems and demonstrate that moderate levels of aerospace activity (supersonic transport and Space Shuttle operations) will probably have only a negligible effect on global climate. Finally, we evaluate the possible climatic effect of a ten-fold increase in the atmospheric abundance of carbonyl sulfide.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 118; 1-2,; 1980
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  • 4
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    Importance of heterogeneous processes to tropospheric chemistry - Studies with a one-dimensional model (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A one-dimensional, time-dependent model of tropospheric air composition is developed which incorporates several heterogeneous physical and chemical processes. The model includes the interaction of gases, aerosols, and hydrometeors through the physical mechanisms of nucleation, condensation, evaporation, coagulation, coalescence, and deliquescence. Precipitation, sedimentation, and dry deposition act to remove material from the atmosphere, while chemical transformations occur both in the vapor and the condensed phases. The model also incorporates the sources and vertical diffusion of gases and particles, as well as changes in the solar intensity caused by light-scattering from aerosols and clouds. Preliminary simulations made using this model indicate that rainout and washout processes strongly influence the distributions of tropospheric gases and aerosols under certain conditions.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
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  • 5
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    SSTs, nitrogen fertiliser and stratospheric ozone (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A recently revised model of the stratosphere is used to show that a substantial enhancement in the ozone layer could accompany worldwide SST fleet operations and that water vapor may be an important factor in SST assessments. Revised rate coefficients for various ozone-destroying reactions are employed in calculations which indicate a slight increase in the total content of stratospheric ozone for modest-sized fleets of SSTs flying below about 25 km. It is found that water-vapor chemical reactions can negate in large part the NOx-induced ozone gains computed below 25 km and that increased use of nitrogen fertilizer might also enhance the ozone layer.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Nature; 276; Dec
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  • 6
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    Possible ozone depletions following nuclear explosions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The degree of depletion of the ozone layer ensuing after delivery of strategic nuclear warheads (5000 and 10,000 Mton) due to production of nitrogen oxides is theoretically assessed. Strong depletions are calculated for 16-km and 26-km altitudes, peaking 1-2 months after detonation and lasting for three years, while a significant depletion at 36 km would peak after one year. Assuming the explosions occur between 30 and 70 deg N, these effects should be much more pronounced in this region than over the Northern Hemisphere as a whole. It is concluded that Hampson's concern on this matter (1974) is well-founded.-
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Nature; 257; Sept. 4
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  • 7
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    Seasonal variations of NO and O3 at altitudes of 18.3 and 21.3 km (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nitric oxide and ozone concentrations have been measured in situ from a high-altitude research aircraft. Data which show the variations of NO and O3 with the time of year are presented for altitudes of 18.3 and 21.3 km. The extreme values of the observed NO concentrations at 21.3 km are 1.2 billion per cu cm in summer and 0.2 billion per cu cm in winter. At 18.3 km the extreme values are 1.6 billion per cu cm in summer and 0.1 billion per cu cm in winter. The smoothed NO seasonal data show a variation of about a factor of 2.5 at 21.3 km and a factor of 4 at 18.3 km. The ozone data show the generally expected magnitude and seasonal variation. We have used a photochemical model employing the measured ozone concentrations, the mean solar zenith angle, and seasonal HNO3 data reported by others to predict the seasonal NO variation at 20 km. The result is a summer-to-winter NO ratio of 2.5 which is in fair agreement with the observed ratios.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Nov. 197
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  • 8
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    Nitrogen fertiliser and stratospheric ozone - Latitudinal effects (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Substantial increases in atmospheric N2O resulting from the increased use of nitrogen fertilizers might cause large (to 10%) decreases in the stratospheric ozone content. Such ozone decreases would be caused by catalytic reaction cycles involving odd-nitrogen that is formed by N2O decomposition in the upper stratosphere. Turco et al. (1978), using a background chlorine level of 2 ppbv, have shown that if the measured values of specified reactions are used a 50% increase in N2O would lead to a 2.7% increase in the stratospheric column density, although the ozone content above 30 km would be reduced by more than 5%; they also estimated (unpublished data) that the change in the ozone column density caused by doubling the N2O abundance would be very close to zero (within about 0.1%). The present paper extends these calculations of N2O/ozone effects to two dimensions, thereby identifying the latitude dependence expected for such ozone perturbations. The effects of changes in stratospheric chlorine levels on predicted ozone changes are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Nature; 283; Jan. 10
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  • 9
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    Revised predictions of the effect on stratospheric ozone of increasing atmospheric N2O and chlorofluoromethanes - A two-dimensional model study (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 0004-6981); 17; 10, 1
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  • 10
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    OCS, stratospheric aerosols and climate (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The carbonyl sulfide budget in the atmosphere is examined, and the effects of stratospheric sulfate aerosol particles, formed in part from atmospheric carbonyl sulfate, on global climate are considered. From tropospheric measurements of carbon disulfide and the rate constant for the conversion of carbon disulfide to carbonyl sulfide, it is estimated that five Tg of carbonyl sulfide/year could be generated from carbon disulfide in the atmosphere. Direct sources of OCS include the refining and combustion of fossil fuels (1 Tg/year), natural and agricultural fires (0.2 to 0.3 Tg/year), and soils (0.5 Tg/year), yielding a total influx of from 1 to 10 Tg/year, up to 50% of which may be anthropogenic. Considerations of carbonyl sulfide sinks and concentrations indicate an atmospheric lifetime of one year, with OCS the major atmospheric sulfur compound. It is estimated that a ten-fold increase in atmospheric carbonyl sulfide would cause an optical depth perturbation comparable to that of a modest volcanic eruption, leading to an average global surface temperature decrease of 0.1 K, in addition to a possible greenhouse effect.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Nature; 283; Jan. 17
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