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  • Debye-Hückel theory  (1)
  • Materials Processing  (1)
  • nickelalactones  (1)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: The possibility of an accidental fire in space-based facilities is a primary concern of space exploration programs. Spacecraft environments generally present low velocity air currents produced by ventilation and heating systems (of the order of 0.1 m/s), and fluctuating oxygen concentrations around that of air due to CO2 removal systems. Recent experiments of flame spread in microgravity show the spread rate to be faster and the limiting oxygen concentration lower than in normal-gravity. To date, there is not a material flammability-testing protocol that specifically addresses issues related to microgravity conditions. The present project (FIST) aims to establish a testing methodology that is suitable for the specific conditions of reduced gravity. The concepts underlying the operation of the LIFT apparatus, ASTM-E 1321-93, have been used to develop the Forced-flow Ignition and flame-Spread Test (FIST). As in the LIFT, the FIST is used to obtain the flammability diagrams of the material, i.e., graphs of ignition delay time and flame spread rate as a function of the externally applied radiant flux, but under forced flow rather than natural convection conditions, and for different oxygen concentrations. Although the flammability diagrams are similar, the flammability properties obtained with the FIST are found to depend on the flow characteristics. A research program is currently underway with the purpose of implementing the FIST as a protocol to characterize the flammability performance of solid materials to be used in microgravity facilities. To this point, tests have been performed with the FIST apparatus in both normal-gravity and microgravity conditions to determine the effects of oxidizer flow characteristics on the flammability diagrams of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fuel samples. The experiments are conducted at reduced gravity in a KC- 135 aircraft following a parabolic flight trajectory that provides up to 25 seconds of low gravity. The objective of the experiments is to obtain data of ignition delay and flame spread rate at low flow velocities (0.1 to 0.2 m/s), which cannot be obtained under normal gravity because of the natural convection induced flows (approx. 0.5 m/s). Due to the limited reduced gravity time, the data can only be obtained for high radiant fluxes, and are consequently limited in scope. These tests do, however, provide insight into the flammability diagram characteristics at low velocity and reduced gravity, and also into the implications of the flow-dependence of the flammability properties under environments similar to those encountered in space facilities.
    Keywords: Materials Processing
    Type: Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop; 35-38
    Format: text
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 268-276 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electric potential ; Debye-Hückel theory ; discrete charges ; membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of the linearized Debye-Hückel theory an exact solution of the problem of calculating the electric potential caused by discrete fixed charges located at arbitrary positions with respect to a dielectric membrane-solution interface is presented. It takes into account the existence of an electrolyte solution on both sides of the membrane. Asymmetric ionic conditions are allowed for. For some interesting typical cases of fixed charge locations and electrolyte ionic strengths electric potential distributions were calculated and discussed. It is shown that, if the fixed charges were at or in front of the membrane surface, the characteristic distance of the electric potential decay was comparable to the Debye-Hückel length. At the opposite membrane surface only very small electric potentials can be observed. If, however, the fixed charge was placed below the membrane surface the electric potential in lateral direction and towards the other membrane surface largely increased. This effect was very sensitive to the position of the fixed charge with respect to the membrane surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: bimetallic Fe—Ni complexes ; CO2 fixation ; nickelalactones ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organometallic Chemistry of Binuclear 1-Azadiene-Nickel(0) Complexes: Bimetallic Compounds with a Ni—Fe Bond by Addition of Pentacarbonyl-iron(0) and Nickelalactons by Ring Opening Reaction of Cyclic AnhydridesThe binuclear nickel(0) complexes 1-3, which contain as well bridging 1-azadienes ligands as five or six-membered (N∩N)-chelate rings react at -30°C with Fe(CO)5 to form the bimetallic compounds 4-6, containing a Ni—Fe bond and two carbonyl groups as bridging ligands. The coordination of the [(bpy)Ni(0)] fragment to the olefin part of the 1-azadiene chain in 6 leads to the formation of the trinuclear complex 7, which can storage CO2 at the peripheral position. Succinic acid anhydride or glutaric acid anhydrid undergo a ring opening reaction by reacting with 3 yield nickelalactones upon elimination of CO.
    Notes: Die binuclearen Nickel(0)-Komplexe 1-3, die verbrückende 1-Azadieneinheiten und N∩N-Chelatfünf- oder Sechsringe enthalten, reagieren bei -30°C mit Fe(CO)5 zu den Bimetallcarbonylverbindungen 4-6, die eine Ni—Fe-Bindung und 2 CO-Brückencarbonylliganden aufweisen. Koordination des (bipy)Ni(0)-Fragments an den Olefinteil der 1-Azadienkette 6 liefert den Dreikernkomplex 7, der an der Peripherie CO2 speichert. Bernsteinsäureanhydrid oder Glutarsäureanhydrid reagieren mit 3 unter Ringöffnung und CO-Eliminierung zu Nickelalactonen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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