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  • COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE  (9)
  • DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE  (2)
  • 1
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    Highly parallel computation (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Among the highly parallel computing architectures required for advanced scientific computation, those designated 'MIMD' and 'SIMD' have yielded the best results to date. The present development status evaluation of such architectures shown neither to have attained a decisive advantage in most near-homogeneous problems' treatment; in the cases of problems involving numerous dissimilar parts, however, such currently speculative architectures as 'neural networks' or 'data flow' machines may be entailed. Data flow computers are the most practical form of MIMD fine-grained parallel computers yet conceived; they automatically solve the problem of assigning virtual processors to the real processors in the machine.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 250; 1217-122
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Information technologies for astrophysics circa 2001 (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: It is easy to extrapolate current trends to see where technologies relating to information systems in astrophysics and other disciplines will be by the end of the decade. These technologies include miniaturization, multiprocessing, software technology, networking, databases, graphics, pattern computation, and interdisciplinary studies. It is less easy to see what limits our current paradigms place on our thinking about technologies that will allow us to understand the laws governing very large systems about which we have large data sets. Three limiting paradigms are as follows: saving all the bits collected by instruments or generated by supercomputers; obtaining technology for information compression, storage, and retrieval off the shelf; and the linear model of innovation. We must extend these paradigms to meet our goals for information technology at the end of the decade.
    Keywords: DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
    Type: JPL, Workshop Proceedings: Information Systems for Space Astrophysics in the 21st Century, Volume 1; p 25-41
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Worldnet (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The expanding use of powerful workstations coupled to ubiquitous networks is transforming scientific and engineering research and the the ways organizations around the world do business. By the year 2000, few enterprises will be able to succeed without mastery of this technology, which will be embodied in an information infrastructure based on a worldwide network. A recurring theme in all the discussions of what might be possible within the emerging Worldnet is people and machines working together in new ways across distance and time. A review is presented of the basic concepts on which the architecture of Worldnet must be built: coordination of action, authentication, privacy, and naming. Worldnet must provide additional functions to support the ongoing processes of suppliers and consumers: help services, aids for designing and producing subsystems, spinning off new machines, and resistance to attack. This discussion begins to reveal the constituent elements of a theory for Worldnet, a theory focused on what people will do with computers rather than on what computers do.
    Keywords: DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
    Type: NASA-CR-188845 , NAS 1.26:188845 , RIACS-TR-89-26
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Notes on implementation of sparsely distributed memory (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Sparsely Distributed Memory (SDM) developed by Kanerva is an unconventional memory design with very interesting and desirable properties. The memory works in a manner that is closely related to modern theories of human memory. The SDM model is discussed in terms of its implementation in hardware. Two appendices discuss the unconventional approaches of the SDM: Appendix A treats a resistive circuit for fast, parallel address decoding; and Appendix B treats a systolic array for high throughput read and write operations.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89254 , RIACS-TR-86.15 , NAS 1.15:89254
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  • 5
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    A view of Kanerva's sparse distributed memory (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pentti Kanerva is working on a new class of computers, which are called pattern computers. Pattern computers may close the gap between capabilities of biological organisms to recognize and act on patterns (visual, auditory, tactile, or olfactory) and capabilities of modern computers. Combinations of numeric, symbolic, and pattern computers may one day be capable of sustaining robots. The overview of the requirements for a pattern computer, a summary of Kanerva's Sparse Distributed Memory (SDM), and examples of tasks this computer can be expected to perform well are given.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89206 , RIACS-TR-86.14 , NAS 1.15:89206
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  • 6
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    First 3 years of operation of RIACS (Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science) (1983-1985) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The focus of the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) is to explore matches between advanced computing architectures and the processes of scientific research. An architecture evaluation of the MIT static dataflow machine, specification of a graphical language for expressing distributed computations, and specification of an expert system for aiding in grid generation for two-dimensional flow problems was initiated. Research projects for 1984 and 1985 are summarized.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-179699 , RIACS-TR-86.11 , NAS 1.26:179699
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Virtual memory (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Virtual memory was conceived as a way to automate overlaying of program segments. Modern computers have very large main memories, but need automatic solutions to the relocation and protection problems. Virtual memory serves this need as well and is thus useful in computers of all sizes. The history of the idea is traced, showing how it has become a widespread, little noticed feature of computers today.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89401 , RIACS-TR-86.8 , NAS 1.15:89401
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  • 8
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    Is random access memory random? (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Most software is contructed on the assumption that the programs and data are stored in random access memory (RAM). Physical limitations on the relative speeds of processor and memory elements lead to a variety of memory organizations that match processor addressing rate with memory service rate. These include interleaved and cached memory. A very high fraction of a processor's address requests can be satified from the cache without reference to the main memory. The cache requests information from main memory in blocks that can be transferred at the full memory speed. Programmers who organize algorithms for locality can realize the highest performance from these computers.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89394 , RIACS-TR-86.1 , NAS 1.15:89394
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  • 9
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    Sparse distributed memory (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Sparse distributed memory was proposed be Pentti Kanerva as a realizable architecture that could store large patterns and retrieve them based on partial matches with patterns representing current sensory inputs. This memory exhibits behaviors, both in theory and in experiment, that resemble those previously unapproached by machines - e.g., rapid recognition of faces or odors, discovery of new connections between seemingly unrelated ideas, continuation of a sequence of events when given a cue from the middle, knowing that one doesn't know, or getting stuck with an answer on the tip of one's tongue. These behaviors are now within reach of machines that can be incorporated into the computing systems of robots capable of seeing, talking, and manipulating. Kanerva's theory is a break with the Western rationalistic tradition, allowing a new interpretation of learning and cognition that respects biology and the mysteries of individual human beings.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-188841 , NAS 1.26:188841 , RIACS-TR-89-22
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Memory protection (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Accidental overwriting of files or of memory regions belonging to other programs, browsing of personal files by superusers, Trojan horses, and viruses are examples of breakdowns in workstations and personal computers that would be significantly reduced by memory protection. Memory protection is the capability of an operating system and supporting hardware to delimit segments of memory, to control whether segments can be read from or written into, and to confine accesses of a program to its segments alone. The absence of memory protection in many operating systems today is the result of a bias toward a narrow definition of performance as maximum instruction-execution rate. A broader definition, including the time to get the job done, makes clear that cost of recovery from memory interference errors reduces expected performance. The mechanisms of memory protection are well understood, powerful, efficient, and elegant. They add to performance in the broad sense without reducing instruction execution rate.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-184961 , NAS 1.26:184961 , RIACS-TR-88.17
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