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  • Chemistry  (91)
  • General Chemistry  (38)
  • BIOTECHNOLOGY  (2)
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  • Pyridines
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-05-30
    Description: Astronauts with thin shielding in radiation exposure from heavy nuclei in solar particle beams
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 2
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: Hazards to man on moon from flare-produced solar particle beams and galactic radiation, noting estimate for life shortening
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 126 (1995), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Chloroacetic acid chloride ; Phenylhydrazono acetamides ; Pyridines ; Pyridazin-5-ylpyridinium chlorides ; 4,5-Diamino-pyridazin-6(1H)-ones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Arylhydrazono acetamides1 react with chloroacetic acid chloride to give N-chloroacetyl derivatives2. Subsequent reaction with pyridines followed by ring closure yield 1-(4-amino-6-oxo-pyridazin-5-yl)-pyridinium chlorides3. Analogously, 1-(6-oxo-pyridazin-5-yl)-pyridinium chloride (5) and 6-oxo-5-pyridinio-pyridazin-4-olate (4) are formed from phenylhydrazono derivatives and pyridine. Treatment of3 and4 with hydrazinium hydrate gives 4,5-diamino-6-oxo-pyridazin-3-carbohydrazides6 and 5-amino-4-hydroxy-pyridazin-6(1H)-one (8). An analogous ring cleavage of3e and5 gives rise to 4,5-diamino- and 5-amino-pyridazin-6(1H)-ones7. On treatment of the pyridinium salts3 with caustic soda in water, nucleophilic addition of the amino group to the pyridinium ring takes place and stable dehydrated products9 are isolated.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 126 (1995), S. 711-723 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Malononitrile ; Benzoles ; Pyridines ; Thiophenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pyridinium- und Sulfoniumsalze2a–e, die aus 3-Amino-2-(α-halo-acetyl)-crotonsäurenitril und 3-Amino-2-(α-halo-acetyl)-zimtsäurenitril hergestellt werden können, reagieren mit Malonsäuredinitril in Gegenwart einer Base zu 3-Amino-2-pyridinio-phenolaten3a,b und 3-Amino-2-sulfonio-phenolaten3c–e. In Analogie wurden 3-Amino-2-(diethyloxyphosphoryl)-phenol5a und 3-Amino-2-(p-tolyl-sulfonyl)-phenol5b erhalten. 2,3-Diamino-phenole6a,b werden aus den Pyridiniumsalzen3a,b gebildet. Das Verhalten der Pyridiniumsalze2a,b gegenüber Heterokumulenen ist untersucht worden. Cyanamid führt zum (2-Amino-4-hydroxy-pyrid-3-yl)-pyridiniumsalz8c. Phenylisothiocyanat liefert die 3-Pyridinio-2-thioxo-pyridin-4-olate9a,b. In Abhängigkeit vom Substituenten in der Position 6 entsteht bei der Reaktion mit Schwefelkohlenstoff ein 3-Pyridinio-2-thioxo-pyridin-4-olat10 oder ein 3-Pyridinio-2-thioxo-thiopyran-4-olat11. Phenylisocyanat reagiert zum Pyrimidin-2,4-dion12 unter Verlust von N-Methyl-pyridiniumchlorid. S-Methylierung von9a und Spaltung des Pyridiniumringes ergibt das 3-Amino-2-methylthio-pyrid-4-on14. Die Verbindungen wurden1H- und13C-NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht.
    Notes: Summary Pyridinium and sulfonium salts2a–e which can be prepared from 3-amino-2-(α-haloacetyl)-crotonitriles and 3-amino-2-(α-halo-acetyl)-3-phenyl-acrylonitriles react with malononitrile in the presence of a base to 3-amino-2-pyridinio-phenolates3a,b and 3-amino-2-sulfonio-phenolates3c–e. In an analogous way, 3-amino-2-(diethyloxyphosphoryl)-phenol5a and 3-amino-2-(p-tolyl-sulfonyl)-phenol5b have been prepared. 2,3-Diamino-phenoles6a,b are formed from the pyridinium salts3a,b. The behaviour of the pyridinium salts2a,b towards heterocumulenes has been investigated. Cyanamide leads to the (2-amino-4-hydroxy-pyrid-3-yl)-pyridinium salt8c. Phenylisothiocyanate gives the 3-pyridinio-2-thioxo-pyridin-4-olates9a,b. Carbon disulfide gives rise to 3-pyridinio-2-thioxo-pyridin-4-olate10 or 3-pyridinio-2-thioxo-thiopyran-4-olate11, depending on the substituent at the 6-position. Phenylisocyanate reacts to the pyrimidin-2,4-dione12 with loss of N-methyl-pyridinium chloride. S-methylation of9a and cleavage of the pyridine moiety yields the 3-amino-2-methylthio-pyrid-4-one14. The structures were investigated by1H and13C NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 319 (1977), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclizations with 1-nitro-2-anilino-ethylenesThe reaction of 1-nitro-2-anilino-2-methylthio-ethylenes 1 with oxalyl chloride yields the substituted 4-nitropyrrol-2,3-diones 4, and with chlorocarbonyl-sulfenylchloride the 5-nitro-thiazolones 6. The methylthio group from 6 can be exchanged by amines. From 1-nitro-2,2-bis(anilino)ethylenes 2 - available from 1-nitro-2,2-bis(methylthio)-ethylene and anilines - and the same reagents, the substituted 2-nitromethylene-imidazolidine-4,5-diones 5 and the thiazolo[4,5-d]thiazoledione 9 result. The condensation of 1-nitro-2-anilino-2-hydrazino-ethylene 3 with derivatives of carboxylic acids yields 2-nitromethyl-s-triazole 12, with diacetyl the substituted 3-nitromethylene-as-triazine 13.
    Notes: 1-Nitro-2-anilino-2-methylmercapto-äthylen 1 reagiert mit Oxalylchlorid zu substituierten 4-Nitropyrroldionen-(2,3) 4 und mit Chlorcarbonyl-sulfenylchlorid zu substituierten 5-Nitrothiazolonen-(2) 6, deren Methylmercaptogruppe gegen Amine austauschbar ist. 1-Nitro-2,2-bis(anilino)-äthylene 2 - erhältlich aus 1-Nitro-2,2-bis(methylmercapto)-äthylen und Anilinen  -  liefert mit den gleichen Agenzien substituierte 2-Nitromethylenimidazolidindione-(4,5) 5 und das Thiazolo[4,5-d]thiazoldion 9. 1-Nitro-2-anilino-2-hydrazino-äthylen 3 wird mit Carbonsäurederivaten zu substituierten 2-Nitromethyl-s-triazolen 12, mit Diacetyl zum 3-Nitromethylen-as-triazin derivat 13 kondensiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 323 (1981), S. 133-136 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methyl(3-amino-5-nitromethylene-1,2-dithiol-4)carboxylate
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 329 (1987), S. 745-748 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 329 (1987), S. 355-358 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 5-Arylamino-3-bromo-1,2,4-thiadiazoles and 5-Arylamino-3-bromo-isothiazoles
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 324 (1982), S. 933-941 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of Methylene Active Nitriles and Cyanamide with Acylated EnaminesThe addition products from enamines onto isocyanates and isothiocyanates, i.e. substituted β-aminoacrylo amides 1 and thioamides 2, react with malononitrile to yield the 6-amino-1-aryl-5-cyano-pyridin-2-ones 3 and -thiones 4 among them 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-ones and -thiones. From ethyl cyanoacetate the 5-cyano-6-hydroxy-pyridin-2-ones 7 and from benzoyl acetonitrile the 6-phenyl-pyridin-2-ones 8 are formed. The replacement of malononitrile by cyanamide yields the 2-amino-3-aryl-pyrimidin-4-ones 5 and -thiones 6 among them 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-ones and -thiones. The not isolated β-acyl enamines derived from enamines and acid chlorides react with malononitrile or cyanamide to form the pyridin-2-ones 14 or pyrimidin-2-ones 15 caused by Dimroth-rearrangement.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 327 (1985), S. 328-332 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of 1, 1-Dimethylthio- and 1-Dimethylamino-2-nitroethene with Malononitrile Dimer
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