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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activation energy for urethane-linkage formation. An improved calculation from the differential scanning calorimetry data (1990)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 1579-1592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been utilized in several studies on polymerization kinetics, at different heating rates. However, there are several factors affecting the precision of kinetic parameters. In this work, the activation energy of urethane-bond formation between 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate and diethylene glycol is reported, the latter being in excess in order to minimize problems such as thermal transitions and incomplete reaction in the final step. The DSC technique was applied at different heating rates. Both the equal conversion and equal conversion rate options of the method are discussed. The latter appears to be a more adequate option for the system studied here. The results obtained show a good agreement with the model used.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080280623
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visible light photopolymerization: Synthesis of new fluorone dyes and photopolymerization of acrylic monomers using them (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 1691-1703 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 3-alkoxy-5,7-diiodo-6-fluorones ; visible photoinitiators ; acrylate photopolymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several 3-alkoxy-5, 7-diiodo-6-fluorones (λmax ≈ 470 nm) have been synthesized and evaluated as initiators for photopolymerization triggered with the 515.5 nm line of an Ar+ laser. 2-Acyl- and 2-alkyl-4,5,7-triiodo-3-hydroxy-6-fluorones were also tested at 515.5 nm. 9-Cyano-2-Acyl- and 9-cyano-2-alkyl-4,5,7-triiodo-3-hydroxy-6-fluorones were studied and could be excited with the 632 nm line of a He-Ne laser. Dyes with long linear carbon chain alkoxy groups at C-6 showed larger molar extinction coefficients and formed polymers with better mechanical properties than did compounds with shorter carbon chains, or did the corresponding C-6 phenols. The optimum side chain length of the C-6 ether alkyl group is between 4-7 carbon atoms. With longer carbon chain alkoxy groups at C-8, e.g., octyl, the mechanical properties of the formed polymers are inferior to systems formed with the butyl isomer as photoinitiator. In the case of alkoxy groups with branched alkyl groups (e.g., 2-ethylbutyl), the relationship between dye structure and the properties of the polymers formed is less straightforward. Though the dyes react from their triplet state, the fluorescence quantum yields of the dyes and the performance of the dyes as photoinitiators appear directly related. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080331016
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation of 28 to 114°C hydrocarbons with glass capillary columns (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1 (1978), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Hydrocarbon cut, optimized separation ; Capillary preparation for ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Techniques have been developed for the rapid separation (about 20 minutes) of the 39 compounds in crude petroleums, or petroleum distillates, which boil between 28 and 114°C. A 300 meter glass column (0.25 mm i.d.) which is etched, coated with a mixture of normal hexadecane and Kel-F10157 is utilized to perform this separation at room temperature. The separations obtained with this non-polar liquid mixture and the «inert» glass surface are much more rapid than those previously obtained with stainless steel capillary columns.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240010304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the compositional variation of the essential oil of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook Fil. et Thomson, formagenuina) during flower development (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 18 (1995), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High resolution capillary GC ; High resolution GC-MS ; Essential oil analysis ; Ylang-ylang oil composition ; Cananga odorata ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Volatile secondary metabolites from Colombian ylang-ylang flowers were obtained by combined steam distillation - solvent extraction. The samples were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization, nitrogen/phosphorus, or mass spectrometric detection. The chemical composition of the oils extracted from flowers at different stages of development differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The generation of total volatile metabolites, light oxygenated compounds in particular, increased markedly during flower maturation. In this work the quality of the ylang-ylang essential oils was studied as a function of flower maturity.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240180206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coconut husk lignin. I. Extraction and characterization (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 633-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recently lignin has been the object of a renewed interest because of the need to use raw materials from renewable resources. One such resource is coconut husk, a material usually discarded during the copra extraction process. Due to its high lignin content, coconut husk has been recognized as having a variety of applications. Therefore, it is important to know the approximate structure of coconut husk lignin and those variations introduced by different isolation methods. This work reports a general characterization of coconut husk lignin. Results are given of the contents of hydroxyl and noncondensed guaiacyl units, the extractability of the lignin in alkaline and “organosolv” media along with thermal properties of the extracted lignins. The extraction system of NaOH-anthraquinone at 150°C was most conveniently based on the relatively low amount of condensed lignin generated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450410
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coconut husk lignin. II. Characterization by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 645-653 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Results of the characterization of coconut husk lignin by infrared (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopy are presented. Lignin was extracted with both alkaline and organosolv liquors. The IR spectra of dioxane lignin were very similar to those reported for hardwood lignins. Furthermore, these results combined with those obtained from the H-NMR studies suggest that coconut husk lignin can be classified into the Lm-type lignins. These lignins are characteristic of the monocotyledon class, of which the coconut palm is a member. The H-NMR studies showed that anthraquinone significantly inhibited the occurrence of lignin condensation during the alkaline extraction with sodium hydroxide solutions. This inhibition was more intense in the lignin extracted at 150°C than in that extracted at 100°C.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450411
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of acrylate networks formed by visible laser-induced polymerization. I. Dependence on photopolymerization parameters (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 931-937 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of network molecular systems, prepared through visible (Ar+) laser-induced polymerization of multifunctional acrylates, were studied as a function of some of the photopolymerization parameters. The properties investigated were the Young's modulus of elasticity and the stress-at-break, both derived from the stress versus strain test of dogbone-shaped photopolymerized samples. The parameters studied included the dye and co-initiator concentrations, and the laser power. We also compared the mechanical properties of samples made using different types of fluorone dyes and using two different amines as co-initiator. Better polymers are formed by the dyes with low fluorescence quantum yield. The three photopolymerization parameters modify the mechanical properties in a very similar way: they initially tend to increase both the Young's modulus and the stress-at-break but have a deleterious effect on the material strength if used in excess. N-phenylglycine, NPG, was shown to form stronger polymers (higher Young's modulus) than if N,N-dimethyl-2,6-diisopropylaniline, DIDMA, was used as co-initiator. We discuss the possible molecular mechanisms for such observations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510515
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(lactic acid) degradation in soil or under controlled conditions (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 2295-2302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fate of a racemic lactic acid polymer (PLA50) was investigated by allowing parallelepiped plates of PLA50 to age in liquid medium containing a mixed culture of Fusarium moniliforme and Pseudomonas putida at 30°C. Microbial activity was monitored by measuring pH, lactic acid formation by high-performance liquid chromatography, and esterase activity in supernatant. Degradation of the plates was monitored by weighing, size exclusion chromatography, and visual examination. Under the selected conditions, pH increased up to 8, whereas it remained constant in the microorganism-free control. No significant lactic acid formation or esterase activity was detected in the supernatant during the experimental period (32 weeks). For the first 17 weeks, the water absorption rate of the plates was the same in both the microbial and the control media. Subsequently, plates absorbed more water in microbial than in control media. Typical surface/center differential degradation of plates was observed until 17 weeks, but it reduced progressively. At 32 weeks, specimens appeared completely disintegrated in the microbial medium. PLA50 plates were also buried in the soil for 8 weeks. After recovery, plates were allowed to degrade 8 weeks under controlled conditions. Scanning electron microscopy of these plates showed the development of some filamentous fungi at the surface and into the bulk of plates. Five fungal strains were isolated which appeared to be able to assimilate PLA50 oligomers in mixed cultures. It was assumed that PLA50 plates had been first degraded by chemical hydrolysis, followed by the bioassimilation of degradation by-products in both experiments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) blends: Miscibility studies by DSC and characterization of their thermally induced hydrogels (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 777-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Binary blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Molecular weight, blend composition, and heating time at 150°C were the variables used. Results obtained by DSC indicated that PAA/PVA blends are miscible in the full range of composition. Similarly, TGA traces showed that thermal stability was higher for blends than for pure polymers. Blends of PVA with high molecular weight PAA exhibited a hydrogel behavior after drying at relatively low temperature (100°C), whereas blends containing low molecular weight PAA behaved as hydrogels only after they were heated at 150°C. Hydrogel character was increased for these two PVA/PAA blends with the heating time at higher temperature (150°C). IR spectra revealed that esterification took place in these blends after thermally treated at this temperature. In contrast, addition of glyoxal in combination with heating was necessary to produce hydrogels from PAAm/PVA blends. Furthermore, the crosslinking degree of these hydrogels was estimated from their absorbency values by applying the Flory-Rehner equation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070500505
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blends of cellulosic esters with poly(caprolactone): Characterization by DSC, DMA, and WAXS (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54 (1994), S. 1141-1159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Binary blends of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) with cellulosic esters [cellulose diacetate (CDA), cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB), and cellulose triacetate (CTA)] were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques, and qualitative comparison was made with the results obtained by polarizing optical microscopy. The PCL-CAB system was proved to be partially miscible, whereas PCL-CDA and PCL-CTA appeared to be immiscible. A double-melting behavior was showed for PCL-CAB and PCL-CTA blends. As these peaks did not shift by varying the heating rate of DSC runs, this behavior can be due to melting of two populations of crystals of PCL, which may be different in size. On the other hand, blends of PCL containing a low amount of CAB or CDA seem to develop more crystallinity for the PCL than this polymer alone. The solvent seems to have a certain influence on the thermal and morphological behaviors of the as-cast blends of these three systems, affecting the extent of crystallinity of PCL, as well as its Tm and ΔHf. This finding is discussed in the light of WAXS and polarizing optical microscopy results. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070540818
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