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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 22 (1989), S. 1289-1300 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 32 (1986), S. 6095-6106 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(ethylene ortho-phthalate) (PEOP), and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), appear to be compatible at all compositions, from visual examination at room temperature and differential scanning calorimetry tests. Both low- (PEOP-1) and high-molecular weight (PEOP-2) alloys with PVAc show a single composition-dependent glass transition temperature (Tg). Some blends show Tg values that are below the Tg for either of the pure polymers. Couchman's equation, with a slight modification, can be used to model Tg behavior. All PEOP-2 blends with PVAc, phase separate at high temperatures, whereas PEOP-1-PVAc blends remain miscible under the same conditions. The composition dependence of the blends refractive index shows a deviation from simple additivity rules, and a similar trend is observed in density measurements. When comparing Flory's characteristic parameters for the polymers, compatibility is predicted for PVAc-PEOP blends. In contrast, blends of PEOP and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which has a similar chemical structure to that of PVAc are predicted to be incompatible, in agreement with experimental evidence. It is suggested that compatibility is produced because of possible specific interactions between the aromatic group of PEOP and the ester carbonyl on PVAc, which is not sterically hindered as is the corresponding moiety on PMMA.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 633-644 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recently lignin has been the object of a renewed interest because of the need to use raw materials from renewable resources. One such resource is coconut husk, a material usually discarded during the copra extraction process. Due to its high lignin content, coconut husk has been recognized as having a variety of applications. Therefore, it is important to know the approximate structure of coconut husk lignin and those variations introduced by different isolation methods. This work reports a general characterization of coconut husk lignin. Results are given of the contents of hydroxyl and noncondensed guaiacyl units, the extractability of the lignin in alkaline and “organosolv” media along with thermal properties of the extracted lignins. The extraction system of NaOH-anthraquinone at 150°C was most conveniently based on the relatively low amount of condensed lignin generated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 645-653 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Results of the characterization of coconut husk lignin by infrared (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopy are presented. Lignin was extracted with both alkaline and organosolv liquors. The IR spectra of dioxane lignin were very similar to those reported for hardwood lignins. Furthermore, these results combined with those obtained from the H-NMR studies suggest that coconut husk lignin can be classified into the Lm-type lignins. These lignins are characteristic of the monocotyledon class, of which the coconut palm is a member. The H-NMR studies showed that anthraquinone significantly inhibited the occurrence of lignin condensation during the alkaline extraction with sodium hydroxide solutions. This inhibition was more intense in the lignin extracted at 150°C than in that extracted at 100°C.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 47 (1993), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this article we report results of the evaluation of the reactivity of polyphenolic extracts of coconut husk with formaldehyde in both acidic and alkaline media. The objective of this evaluation was to determine if the extracts could be used in the preparation of phenol-formaldehyde-type resins. Extracts were obtained using aqueous solutions of NaOH (with and without anthraquinone) and NH4OH. Because of their low Stiasny's Number values, these extracts are not suitable for phenol-formaldehyde resin preparation in acidic conditions unless they are mixed with phenol or phenolic derivatives. Nevertheless, extracts obtained with NaOH, especially at 100 and 120°C, showed sufficient reactivity with form-aldehyde in basic conditions and may therefore be considered suitable for resin preparation in an alkaline medium. The resins were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). A transition temperature prior to decomposition was not detected; their thermal stability was similar to phenol-formaldehyde-type resins. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54 (1994), S. 1141-1159 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Binary blends of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) with cellulosic esters [cellulose diacetate (CDA), cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB), and cellulose triacetate (CTA)] were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques, and qualitative comparison was made with the results obtained by polarizing optical microscopy. The PCL-CAB system was proved to be partially miscible, whereas PCL-CDA and PCL-CTA appeared to be immiscible. A double-melting behavior was showed for PCL-CAB and PCL-CTA blends. As these peaks did not shift by varying the heating rate of DSC runs, this behavior can be due to melting of two populations of crystals of PCL, which may be different in size. On the other hand, blends of PCL containing a low amount of CAB or CDA seem to develop more crystallinity for the PCL than this polymer alone. The solvent seems to have a certain influence on the thermal and morphological behaviors of the as-cast blends of these three systems, affecting the extent of crystallinity of PCL, as well as its Tm and ΔHf. This finding is discussed in the light of WAXS and polarizing optical microscopy results. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects that the inclusion of low concentrations (0 to 0.6 percent by Volume) of cellulosic fibers have on the polymerization of a polyurethane was tested by monitoring the viscosity of a reacting diol-diisocyanate system under isothermal conditions. An increase in viscosity due to the presence of the cellulosic fibers is observed, in addition to the expected rise related to polymer formation. However, a slackening effect appears as more cellulosic fibers are added to the polymerizing medium, in contrast to a system with comparable concentrations of glass fibers. On the basis of reaction kinetics arguments, it is suggested that the hollow nature of the cellulosic fibers and their sorbency play important roles in the effect observed, by reducing the effective concentrations of one of the monomers in the reacting phase, thereby diminishing the overall reaction rate. If similar portions of both monomers are extracted from the bulk of the reacting mass, the reaction is not affected as markedly as when only part of one of the monomers is abstracted. The results found illustrate the type of constraints that arise when certain types of polymerizations are carried out in situ to obtain cellulosic fiber composites.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 24 (1986), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Previous investigations have given evidence of the existence of specific chemical interactions between poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) (PC) and a number of linear aliphatic polyesters, with the consequent formation of compatible polymer alloys. Here we address the particular kind of specific interaction that takes place in these systems by performing a quantum-mechanical study of the apparently most reasonable types of molecular interactions occurring in model compounds of the above polymers. Complete neglect of diffential overlap, (CNDO), in its CNDMEX version, and perturbative configuration using localized orbitals (PCILO) were the calculation schemes used on diphenyl carbonate (DPC) and dimethyl succinate (DMS), selected as models. It was found that, on a one-to-one basis, the DPC-DMS system is energetically more stable than the individual separate molecules; on examination of the possible interaction sites for the two chemical species, the interaction between the ester group oxygen in one DMS molecule with one of the phenyl rings in DPC appears to be the most favorable type of molecular interrelation, even though hydrogen bond formation is also possible between the oxygen atoms in DPC and the methylene hydrogens in DMS. (The former interaction decreases the total energy of the system by 0.12 kcal/mol, more than the latter.)
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 777-792 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Binary blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Molecular weight, blend composition, and heating time at 150°C were the variables used. Results obtained by DSC indicated that PAA/PVA blends are miscible in the full range of composition. Similarly, TGA traces showed that thermal stability was higher for blends than for pure polymers. Blends of PVA with high molecular weight PAA exhibited a hydrogel behavior after drying at relatively low temperature (100°C), whereas blends containing low molecular weight PAA behaved as hydrogels only after they were heated at 150°C. Hydrogel character was increased for these two PVA/PAA blends with the heating time at higher temperature (150°C). IR spectra revealed that esterification took place in these blends after thermally treated at this temperature. In contrast, addition of glyoxal in combination with heating was necessary to produce hydrogels from PAAm/PVA blends. Furthermore, the crosslinking degree of these hydrogels was estimated from their absorbency values by applying the Flory-Rehner equation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1989-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0024-9297
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5835
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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