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  • Chemistry  (14)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of emulsifier-free polyethylene latecies by radiation polymerization (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 13 (1975), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.130130611
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced sulfoxidation and sulfochlorination of powdery polyethylene produced by radiation process (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gamma radiation-induced sulfoxidation and sulfochlorination of the high specific surface area powdery polyethylene which was produced by radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene at room temperature were studied and were compared with sulfonation by fuming sulfuric acid. In these reactions the effect of surface area on the chemical reactivity was observed to a certain degree. In gamma radiation-induced sulfochlorination, it was elucidated that as the reaction proceeds, the ratio of —SO2Cl to —Cl introduced into the polymer decreases, which can be explained by the difference between the diffusibilities of SO2 and Cl2 molecules through sulfochlorinated and/or chlorinated polyethylene. Crystallinity, melting temperature, and density of the sulfochlorinated polymers were measured and are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1971.070150201
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2249-2259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene was carried out with the use of ammonium perfluorooctanoate as an emulsifier at an initial pressure of ca. 30-35 Kg/cm2. The polymerization rate was shown to be proportinal to about the 0.8 power of the dose rate in the range of 2 × 104 to 105 R/hr and to be almost independent of emulsifier concentration. The molecular weight of the polymer lies in the range of 104 to 105, increases with reaction time at the initial stage, and decreases with emulsifier concentration, but is independent of the dose rate from 2 × 104 to 6 × 104 R/hr. If the emulsifier is not used, a polymer with a molecular weight as high as 1.8 × 106 to 2 × 107 is obtained. Apparently, the emulsifier and its radiolysis products act as chain transfer agents. Postirradiation polymerization was found to take place with the formation of products with increased molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180804
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical state of radiation-polymerized polyethylene blends (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1959-1969 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical state of the blends of radiation-polymerized polyethylene with high-density polyethylene was studied. Only one peak was observed in DSC heating curves of the blends quenched from the melt regardless of the each polymer content. In addition, transparency of the high-density polyethylene was improved by melt blending with radiation-polymerized polyethylene. This is a characteristic of high-density polyethylene and radiation-polymerized polyethylene blends different from high-density and low-density polyethylene blends. A new peak and/or a new shoulder, however, appeared in DSC heating curves of the blends with heat treatment at 110°, 120°, and 125°C. These results suggest that the physical state of the blends quenched from the melt is one where the crystallization of the radiation-polymerized polyethylene is high hindered by the presence of high-density polyethylene. The radiation-polymerized polyethylene may remain mainly in a physical state similar to the melt. The haze value of the blends increased with heat treatment. The increase in the haze is caused by change in physical states, such as growth of spherulites and formation of microcrystals and microvoids, by the heat treatment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190716
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in pilot plant. IV. Kinetic analysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in a flow system using tert-butyl alcohol aqueous solution as a medium were studied. The polymerization was carried out in a large-scale pilot plant with a 50-liter central source-type reactor at various mean residence times and does rates under constant pressure of 300 kg/cm2, temperature of 30°C, and ethylene molar fraction of ca. 0.4. The reaction mixture in the reactor was back-mixed flow from the residual polymer concentration in the reactor. The results of the polymerization were analyzed by kinetic treatment based on a reaction mechanism with both first-and second-order terminations for the propagating radical. The apparent rate constants, except for that of second-order termination (kt2), were consistent with those determined by small-scale batch experiments. The kt2 is 20 to 40 times larger than that in the batch experiments. The kt2 increases with decrease in mean residence time and with agitation, probably because of mobility of the propagating radical.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250212
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESR study of radiation-induced polymerization of styrene adsorbed on silica gel (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1259-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the specific surface area of silica gels on the radiation-induced polymerization of styrene adsorbed on silica gel was studied by ESR. The same radicals were generated on the silica gels regardless of the specific surface area, but the stability of the radicals at room temperature depended on the specific surface area. This means that the decay of the radicals proceeded mainly on the surface of the silica gel. Almost all the radicals generated by irradiation were initially in the bulk of the silica gel and migrated from the interior to the surface of the gel. When styrene monomer was adsorbed on the surface of the silica gel, the silica gel radicals interacted with the monomer and initiated polymerization and then generated polymer. The rate of migration of the silica gel radical was rather fast in the case of silica gel with a large specific surface area. Thus, the polymerization behavior of styrene adsorbed on silica gel greatly depended on the specific surface area of the gel.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270415
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in pilot plant. III. Heavy-phase recycling process (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1831-1844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene using aqueous tert-butyl alcohol as medium was carried out in a large-scale pilot plant with a 50-liter central source-type reactor at a pressure of 105 to 395 kg/cm2, temperature of 30° to 80°C, mean dose rate of 4.5 × 104 to 1.9 × 105 rads/hr, ethylene feed rate of 5.5 to 23.5 kg/hr, and medium feed rate of 21 to 102 l./hr. The space-time yield and molecular weight of the polymer were in the range of 4.7 to 16.8 g/l.-hr and 1.3 × 104 to 8.9 × 104, respectively. The space-time yield and molecular weight increased with mean residence time at 30°C, whereas at 80°C they became almost independent of the time. The space-time yield increased with pressure and dose rate, slightly decreased with temperature, and was maximum at ethylene molar fraction of 0.5. The polymer molecular weight increased with pressure and ethylene molar fraction, and decreased with dose rate and temperature. The total amount of deposited polymer on the reactor wall, source case wall, and scraping blades was usually less than 1 kg, which was negligibly small for the analysis of polymerization. Continuous discharge of the polymer slurry and production of fine-powder polyethylene were successfully carried out. In the central source-type reactor, a dose rate of 1.9 × 105 rads/hr was obtained with a 60Co source of ca. 12 kCi.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240805
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in pilot plant. V. Molecular weight distribution of polyethylene (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 1633-1638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The molecular weight distribution of the polyethylene produced by radiation in a large-scale pilot plant at pressures of 105-395 kg/cm2 and temperatures of 30-80°C was determined by gel permeation chromatography and discussed in connection with the polymerization conditions. The bimodal molecular weight distribution was observed in most of polymers. The number-average molecular weight at two peaks are 104, and 105, respectively. The fraction of the peak at higher molecular weight increased with pressure and mean residence time, and with decreasing dose rate and temperature. The distribution was unimodal in the early stage of the operation and became bimodal, remaining unchanged in the later stage. The distribution also changed from bimodal to unimodal with rising temperature. These results were consistent with those in static batch experiments and well explained by the polymerization scheme assuming two physical states to be different in polymer mobility.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250810
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of high-molecular-weight polymer of methyl chloride salt of N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate by radiation-induced polymerization at high pressure (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 741-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260231
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melting and crystallization behavior of poly(tetrafluoroethylene). New method for molecular weight measurement of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) using a differential scanning calorimeter (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3253-3257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melting and crystallization behavior of virgin polytetrafluoroethylene have been studied using a differential scanning calorimeter. Following quantitative relationship was found between number average molecular weight of polytetrafluoroethylene and the heat of crystallization in the molecular weight range of 5.2 × 105 to 4.5 × 107: M̄n = 2.1 × 1010 ΔHc-5.16, where M̄n is number average molecular weight and ΔHc is the heat of crystallization in cal/g. The heat of crystallization is independent of cooling rate ranging from 4 to 32°C/min. This relationship provides a simple rapid and reliable method for measuring the molecular weight of polytetrafluoroethylene.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171102
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