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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration of chromate anion from aqueous streams (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration can be used to remove multivalent anions or cations from aqueous streams. In the removal of chromate ions (CrO42-), the cationic surfactant hexadecylpyridinium chloride is added to the solution, and the chromate ions preferentially adsorb at the surface of the highly charged surfactant micelles. The solution is processed by ultrafiltration, using a membrane with pore sizes small enough to block the passage of the micelles and adsorbed ions. The permeate solution has a chromate concentration less than 0.1% that in the original stream. A new equilibrium model, combining the simple two-phase polyelectrolyte theory of Oosawa with thermodynamic activity, material-balance, and charge-balance equations, successfully correlates ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis results for chromate solutions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340203
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubilization of trichloroethylene by polyelectrolyte/surfactant complexes (1994)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 1969-1975 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automated vapor pressure method is used to obtain solubilization isotherms for trichloroethylene (TCE) in polyelectrolyte/surfactant complexes throughout a wide range of solute activities at 20 and 25°C. The polyelectrolyte chosen is sodium poly (styrenesulfonate), PSS, and the surfactant is cetylpyridinium chloride or N-hexadecylpyridinium chloride, CPC. Data are fitted to the quadratic equation K = K0 (1 - αX + βX2), which correlates the solubilization equilibrium constant (K) with the mole fraction of TCE (X) in the micelles or complexes at each temperature. Activity coefficients are also obtained for TCE in the PSS/CPC complexes as a function of X. The general solubilization behavior of TCE in PSS/CPC complexes resembles that of TCE in CPC micelles, as well as that of benzene or toluene in CPC micelles, suggesting that TCE solubilizes in ionic micelles both within the hydrocarbon micellar interior and near the micellar surface. The presence of the polyelectrolyte causes a small decrease in the ability of the cationic surfactant to solubilize TCE, while greatly reducing the concentration of the surfactant present in monomeric form. PSS/CPC complexes may be useful in colloid-enhanced ultrafiltration processes to purify organic-contaminated water.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690401206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examination of primary metabolic pathways in a murine hybridoma with carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44 (1994), S. 563-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hybridoma metabolism ; carbon-13 ; NMR ; intracellular ; hollow fiber bioreactor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Primary metabolism of a murine hybridoma was probed with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Cells cultured in a hollow fiber bioreactor were serially infused with [1-13C] glucose, [2-13C] glucose, and [3-13C] glutamine. In vivo spectroscopy of the culture was used in conjunction with off-line spectroscopy of the medium to determine the intracellular concentration of several metabolic intermediates and to determine fluxes for primary metabolic pathways. Intracellular concentrations of pyruvate and alanine were very high relative to levels observed in normal quiescent mammalian cells. Estimates made from labeling patterns in lactate indicate that 76% of pyruvate is derived directly from glycolysis; some is also derived from the malate shunt, the pyruvate/melate shuttle associated with lipid synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway. The rate of formation of pyruvate from the pentose phosphate pathway was estimated to be 4% of that from glycolysis; This value is a lower limit and the actual value may be higher. Incorporation of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle appears to occur through only pyruvate dehydrogenase; no pyruvate carboxylase activity was detected. The malate shunt rate was approximately equal to the rate of glutamine uptake. The rate of incorporation of glucosederived acetyl-CoA into lipids was 4% of the glucose uptake rate. The TCA cycle rate between isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate was 110% of the glutamine uptake rate. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260440504
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Removal of U and Mo from water by immobilized Desulfovibrio desulfuricans in column reactors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: molybdenum ; uranium ; immobilized cells ; dissimilatory reduction ; Desulfovibrio ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Intact cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel and used to remove soluble U and Mo from water by enzymatically mediated reduction reactions in column reactors. Formate or lactate served as the electron donor and oxidized U(VI) and Mo(VI) species served as electron acceptors. Greater than 99% removal efficiencies were achieved for both metals with initial concentrations of 5 mg/L U and 10 mg/L Mo. Hydraulic residence times in the columns were between 24 and 36 h. Sulfate concentrations as high as 2000 mg/L did not inhibit reduction of U or Mo in the columns. However, nitrate inhibited uranium reduction at concentrations near 50 mg/L and inhibited molybdenum reduction at concentrations near 150 mg/L. The results indicate that enzymatic reduction of U and Mo by immobilized cells of D. desulfuricans may be a practical method for removing these contaminants from solution in continuous-flow reactors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 88-96, 1998.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of Aspergillus niger broth rheological properties with biomass concentration and the shape of mycelial aggregates (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 1046-1052 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: fungus ; rheology ; morphology ; continuous culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus niger was grown in a 7-L chemostat at biomass levels of 7 to 9 gL-1; dilution rates of 0.03, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.009 h-1; and dissolved oxygen tensions of 7%, 12%, and 40% of air saturation. Broth rheological measurements were made on-line, while off-line image analysis was used to measure mycelial morphology, including characterization of mycelial aggregates (clumps). Under all conditions, more than 87% of the hyphase were in clumps, the shape of which determined the rheological characteristics of the broth. In particular, the power law consistency index could be correlated with the biomass concentration and the roughness factor of the clumps, which describes their hairiness. A decrease in specific growth rate decreased roughness, possibly due to changes in the amount of clump breakup. However, decreases of roughness with increasing dissolved oxygen tension might rather imply some effect on hyphal-hyphal interactions within the clumps. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260420905
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hybridoma metabolism (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 1059-1074 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: NMR ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; metabolism ; antibody productivity ; metabolic modeling ; metabolic fluxes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to study the metabolism of a murine hybridoma cell line at two feed glutamine concentrations, 4.0 and 1.7 mM. Carbon-13 labeling patterns were used in conjunction with nutrient uptake rates to calculate the metabolic fluxes through the glycolytic pathway, the pentose shunt, the malate shunt, lipid biosynthesis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Decreasing the feed glutamine concentration significantly decreased glutamine uptake but had little effect on glucose metabolism. A significant incrase in antibody productivity occurred upon decreasing the feed glutamine level. The increased antibody productivity in concert with decreased glutamine uptake and no apparent change in glucolytic metabolism suggests that antibody production was not energy limited. Metabolic flux calculations indicate that (1) approximately 92% of the glucose consumed proceeds directly through glycolysis with 8% channeled through the pentose shunt; (2) lipid biosynthesis appears to be greater than malate shunt activity; and (3) considerable exchange occurs between TCA cycle intermediates and amino acid metabolic pools, leading to substantial loss of 13C label from the TCA cycle. These results illustrate that 13NMR spectroscopy is a powerfulf tool in the calculation of metabolic fluxes, particularly for exchange pathways where no net flux occurs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260431109
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamic, physiological, and morphological characteristics of Fusarium moniliforme in geometrically dissimilar stirred bioreactors (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 48 (1995), S. 266-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Fusarium moniliforme ; hydrodynamics ; image analysis ; kinetic energy ; morphology stirred bioreactor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of two mixing geometries (at the same scale) with different flow energy distributions on the performance of the gibberellic acid fermentation and on the morphology of the producing fungus Fusarium moniliforme was investigated. Fermentations were performed using a turbine mixing system (TMS) and a counterflow mixing system (CMS), which were high and low power number mixing systems, respectively. Different agitator speed rate profiles were maintained to obtain equal specific power inputs to both mixing systems. Substantial differences in morphology and productivity of F. moniliforme were found. To investigate the causes of these differences, local values and spectra of the kinetic energy of flow fluctuations were measured during the fermentations using a stirring intensity measuring device (SIMD) and a frequency spectrum analyzer. Biomass and gibberellic acid concentrations were found to be higher in the TMS, where the energy distribution was less even, and Vi/here the main part of the energy was at small frequencies (large eddies). An automated image analysis method was used for quantitative characterization of F. moniliforme freely dispersed mycelia and clump morphology. A higher proportion of clumped mycelia with clumps of larger area, perimeter, and roughness was observed in the TMS. A correlation between the morphology and productivity was found, and TMS favored the development of more productive mycelia with longer and thinner hyphae. Introduced power was not a good parameter to characterize different impellers, even at a given scale. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260480313
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electrical properties of some crosslinked isophthalic polyesters (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 6 (1962), S. 575-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The a.c. electrical properties (dielectric constant and loss index) of several series of crosslinked isophthalic polyester resins were investigated over the frequency range 50 to 105 cycles/sec. and over the temperature range -60°C. to above the temperature for maximum loss index. In one series of these resins, the ratio of isophthalic acid to maleic anhydride was varied, in another the chain length of the diol was varied, and in another the concentration of styrene was varied. The temperatures at which the maximum values of the electrical properties occurred are shown to be related to the heat distortion temperature, and within the range of compositions studied, could be predicted from chemical structure. The data suggest that a ratio of isophthalic acid to maleic anhydride of less than 1 : 1, short-chain diols, such as 1,2 propanediol, and more than 50% by weight of styrene will yield the best electrical properties in polyesters of the type studied.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1962.070062313
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular particle motions (cytoplasmic streaming) in staminal hairs of Setcreasea purpurea: Effect of azide and low temperature (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 6 (1986), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoplasmic streaming ; Setcreasea purpurea ; intracellular particle movements ; intercellular transport ; azide ; low temperature ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic streaming and its response to azide and low temperature were examined by using high-resolution video-enhanced light microscopy in Setcreasea purpurea staminal hair cells of immature flowers. Particles and organelles examined moved along well-defined pathways, in repeated and unequal saltatory steps, at different rates and sometimes against the main direction of flow (bidirectionally) in both transvacuolar strand and peripheral cytoplasm. Particle movements were reversibly inhibited with azide. Low temperatures caused transvacuolar strands to shift or break. This cytoplasm accumulated in areas outside of the vacuole where spherosomes continued to saltate, but not along well-defined pathways. In the peripheral cytoplasm, however, the spherosomes continued to move normally, amyloplasts became swollen, and they plus the other organelles (except spherosomes) were stationary. Normal particle movements were obtained when chilled cells were rewarmed to 27°C for ca 15 min.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970060307
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tension in the culture dish: Microfilament organization and migratory behavior of quail neural crest cells (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: neural crest ; migratory behavior ; microfilaments ; stress fibers ; tractional force ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated one aspect of the migratory behavior of quail neural crest (NC) cells by comparing the organization of microfilament bundles and the ability to distort migratory substrata by NC, somite, and notochord cells in vitro. In contrast to the numerous cytoplasmic stress fibers in somite-derived fibroblasts and notochord cells revealed by rhodamine-phalloidin staining and thin-section electron microscopy, microfilaments in NC cells are restricted to the cell cortex. To test the relative degrees of tension generated by these cell types on the underlying substratum, cells were cultured in collagen gels and on distortable silicone rubber sheets. Explanted somites and notochords produced dramatic radial alignment of 750 μg/ml collagen gels, whereas neural crest cells only aligned gels of lower concentrations. Fibroblasts did not migrate individually from explanted somites and notochords into 250 μg/ml collagen gels as readily as into higher concentration collagen lattices. In contrast, neural crest cells migrated into matrices of low concentration as well as into higher concentration collagen gels. Neural crest cells and their pigmented derivatives did not distort silicone rubber sheets, whereas somite and notochord-derived fibroblasts wrinkle this substratum after 4 days in culture. Thus, the differences in organization of the actin cytoskeleton reflect the tractional force exerted by these cells on their substratum. We hypothesize that the migratory behavior of NC cells in vivo may be related to their ability to translocate through embryonic extracellular matrices while generating relatively weak adhesions with the substratum, whereas the stronger forces generated by other embryonic cell types upon the delicate extracellular matrix may restrict their migration and may be associated with other morphogenetic events.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050305
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