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  • National Institutes of Health (U.S.)  (81)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (54)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical studies on the distribution of cellular myosin II isoforms in brain and aorta (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 22 (1992), S. 281-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: nonmuscle myosin ; antibodies ; neurons ; blood vessels ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of nonmuscle myosin isoforms in brain and aorta was studied by using polyclonal antibodies against two synthetic peptides selected from a region near the carboxyl terminus of bovine brain (peptide IIB) and human macrophage (peptide IIA) myosin. Immunoblots of brain homogenates and purified myosin showed two major bands stained by anti-peptide IIB (MIIB1 and MIIB2) and a minor band stained by anti-peptide IIA (MIIA2). Polyclonal anti-human platelet myosin antibodies did not react with MIIB isoforms. In cryosections from bovine, rat, and mouse brains, anti-peptide IIB stained most neuronal cells. In bovine cryosections, glial staining was also observed. In contrast, anti-peptide IIA and anti-platelet myosin antibodies primarily stained blood vessels. In bovine aorta, the anti-peptide antibodies recognized four bands, MIIB3, MIIB4, MIIA1, and MIIA2. Only MIIA2 was recognized by anti-human platelet myosin antibodies. In bovine aorta cryosections, anti-peptide IIB stained smooth muscle cells in tunica intima and tunica media but did not stain endothelial cells. Anti-peptide IIA stained smooth muscle cells in the tunica media, and endothelial cells of vaso vasorum but not of aorta. Only polyclonal anti-platelet myosin antibodies stained the endothelial cells of aorta tunica intima. These results indicate that multiple isoforms of cellular myosins exist in mammals, that these isoforms are expressed in a cell specific manner, and that the major myosin isoforms isolated from whole brain originate from neurons and, at least in bovine brain, from glia, but not from blood vessels. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970220408
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diacylglycerol and calcium induce rapid enhancement of A-system amino acid transport by independent mechanisms in human T-lymphocytes (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 141 (1989), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sn-1,2-diacylglycerols (DAG) and ionized-free calcium can act as intracellular second messengers for cell activation. Traditionally, T-lymphocyte activation is assessed by measurements of DNA synthesis or lymphokine production, but these responses require several days to occur and involve multiple intermediary regulatory steps. In contrast, we have found that T-lymphocytes demonstrate rapid enhancement of A-(alanine-favoring) system amino acid uptake when treated with DAG or ionomycin. A 30-40% increase in the initial velocity of uptake (vi) of the synthetic A-system specific amino acid, methylamino-isobutyric acid (MeAIB), was measured following 5 min of exposure to DAG or ionomycin. The vi was enhanced 60% from 12 to 19 μmol/liter cell water per min after 30 min exposure of T-cells to optimal concentrations of dioctanoylglycerol (30 μM), oleoylacetylglycerol (30 μM), or ionomycin (5 μM) (P 〈 .01 for each agent). A 50-fold excess of non-radioactive MeAIB inhibited 80% of [14C]MeAIB uptake in both unstimulated and stimulated cells, indicating that uptake remained largely carrier-mediated on treatment with these agents. Cycloheximide, 100 μg/ml, inhibited protein synthesis but did not block the A-system amino acid transport enhancement induced by DAG or ionomycin. The DAG-induced increase in the vi was blocked 40% with 100 μM H-7, an inhibitor of protein kinase C. H-7 treatment did not inhibit the ionomycin-induced A-system enhancement. A marked increase in cytoplasmic free calcium was measured when T-lymphocytes were exposed to ionomycin but not on DAG exposure, and the A-system effect of ionomycin but not DAG was blocked by extracellular EGTA. These data are compatible with two pathways for rapid enhancement of A-system amino acid uptake in T-lymphocytes. DAG stimulation is mediated via protein kinase C whereas ionomycin produces an A-system effect of similar magnitude independent of protein kinase C by an increase in cytoplasmic calcium.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041410106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The secretion of urea in the frog (1932)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 2 (1932), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030020309
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between Ras and Raf: Key regulatory proteins in cellular transformation (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 42 (1995), S. 493-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Signal transduction ; Oncogenes ; Protein interactions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ras proteins function during cell growth and development as essential, plasma membrane-bound signaling proteins. Current evidence suggests that Ras is part of a signal transduction chain extending from extracellular signals to transcriptional regulation in the nucleus. Growth factor and cytokine activation of many tyrosine kinase and kinase-linked receptors recruits many proteins to the plasma membrane including Ras-specific guanine nucleotide releasing proteins (GNRP). Under the influence of a GNRP, Ras proteins bind GTP, resulting in activation of the Ras signal. The GTP-bound form of Ras is capable of interacting directly with RasGAP, neurofibromin, and the Raf kinases. Although believed to be endowed with some signaling capacity, RasGAP and neurofibromin act primarily to negatively regulate Ras. Based upon genetic and biochemical studies in a variety of diverse organisms, the Raf kinases are considered the primary targets of Ras signaling. Activation of the Raf kinases is the first step in a cascade of multiple protein kinases, including Mek, Erk1, and Erk2.We are attempting to understand structurally how activated Ras proteins interact specifically with Raf kinases to induce the downstream signals necessary for cell division. Using mutagenesis, peptide epitope scanning, and in vitro reconstitution of protein interactions, we have identified specific sites of association between the Ras-GTP and c-Raf-1 proteins. The interaction between these contact points is essential for the plasma membrane localization of Raf, which ultimately leads to kinase activation. The formation of this protein complex is negatively regulated by protein kinase A (PKA) through phosphorylation of the c-Raf-1 N-terminus. Phosphorylation of c-Raf-1 serine 43 is believed to cause an N-terminal cap structure to cover the Ras docking site. © 1995 wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080420418
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of osmium tetroxide to the image quality and detectability of iron in cells studied by electron spectroscopic imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 28 (1994), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Alveolar macrophages ; OsO4 fixation ; Elements ; ESI ; EELS ; Energy filtering microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The detection of elemental distributions within ultrastructural cellular components presents a number of challenges. There are many technical questions that need to be resolved including optimal fixation protocols. Another is the impact of heavy metals, such as osmium tetroxide (OsO4), on the detectability of other elements when OsO4 is used in chemical fixation protocols for biological samples. OsO4 was examined by varying its concentrations from 0% to 1% and time of fixation from 5 to 30 minutes with hamster alveolar macrophages. The morphological quality of cellular images observed and the detectability of iron using electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were evaluated. One percent OsO4 for 30 minutes in the chemical fixation protocol enhances the quality of the ESI and does not interfere with the ESI or EELS signal of iron. Positive results from both methods indicate the presence of the specific element. The loss of 59Fe during the chemical fixation procedure was also studied. Less than 10% was lost during the primary fixation step, but minimal losses occurred through dehydration, embedding, and sectioning. Careful technical assessment of the presence of an element as well as factors which might interfere with its detection is an important step in the application of any analytical microscopic technique. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280207
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microscopy and photomicrography: A working manual, by Robert F. Smith, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1990, 135 pp, $31.95 (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 28 (1994), S. 78-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280112
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A list of fossil and extant dipnoans (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 190 (1986), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The six known extant species of lungfish, their familial designation, and continental distribution are listed. A second list includes 55 genera and 112 species described from the fossil record, their age, geographical distribution, a brief description of the material preserved, and literature sources. The second list includes two monotypic genera thought to have dipnoan affinities. Although the list of fossil material does not include all genera and species described, it does include all the better preserved taxa. Some of the important features of the fossil record of the Dipnoi are summarized.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051900405
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary studies on phospholipase A2-induced mouse paw edema as a model to evaluate antiinflammatory agents (1989)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 40 (1989), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: platelet-activating factor ; prostaglandins ; D-49 snake venom PLA2 ; inflammation ; leukotrienes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a key component of the inflammatory process because of its role in the generation of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Manipulation of PLA2 activity offers a novel therapeutic approach for the development of antiinflammatory agents; however, there is a need for a suitable in vivo model. Injection of 1 μg of snake venom PLA2 (A. piscivorus piscivorus, D-49) into the mouse hind footpad produced a significant three- to four-fold rise in paw edema within 10 min, compared to the saline control. Edema formation depended on enzyme concentration and appeared specific for PLA2 since edema was negated by enzyme pretreatment with p-bromophenacyl bromide, a nonspecific PLA2 inhibitor. Moreover, injection of a protein such as bovine serum albumin did not result in significant edema. Coinjection of phenidone (lipoxygenase inhibitor, 50 μg), indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor, 50 μg), cyproheptadine (antihistamine/antiserotonin, 50 μg), aristolochic acid (putative PLA2 inhibitor, 100 μg), or kadsurenone (PAF antagonist, 50μg) with PLA2 (1 μg/paw) resulted in partial reduction (44.5, 34.2, 54.7, 64, and 50% inhibition, respectively) of edema formation. Oral administration of cyproheptadine (10 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), BW 755c (100 mg/kg), or dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) 1-3 h before challenge also decreased PLA2-induced edema (63.0, 30.1, 47.8, or 62.5% inhibition, respectively). The data suggest that mouse paw edema resulting from PLA2 injection is a multicomponent event, influenced by both autacoids and lipid mediators of inflammation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240400203
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lungfish: Phylogeny and parsimony (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 190 (1986), S. 151-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Miles ('77) has produced the only comprehensive cladistic analysis of the Dipnoi. His phylogeny involves both definitely and uncertainly placed genera. An analysis of the data for the definitely placed genera, using a Wagner routine, showed that his phylogeny is similar to two of eight equally parsimonious cladograms. Analysis of the data for all the genera of Miles's phylogeny produced sixteen equally parsimonious cladograms. They have a wide range of topologies, none of which corresponds to Miles's phylogeny. It is shown that Miles employed some character weighting to obtain his phylogeny. A cladogram is presented based on Campbell and Barwick's ('83, '84) study of early dipnoan dentitions. The phylogenetic conclusions drawn from Campbell and Barwick's work are dependent on stratigraphic and functional data. The resulting cladogram differs from all the trees produced by the re-analysis of Miles's complete phylogeny; it is less parsimonious and requires that the type of dentition consisting of a shagreen of small denticles that are shed during growth is an advanced dipnoan feature rather than a primitive one. Campbell and Barwick's ('83) phylogeny is favored since, for theoretical and practical reasons, parsimony is not a good criterion for choosing between the possible phylogenies for dipnoans. Campbell and Barwick's ('83) phylogenetic conclusions are based on a richer empirical base and are more consistent with observed functional trends. A new phylogeny of the Dipnoi is presented, with the basic structure being defined by the conclusions drawn from Campbell and Barwick's ('83) work, namely, that patterns of dentition characterized by expanding growth and fusion of denticles or of the development of organized tooth plates each arose only once in evolution. The addition of Miles's ('77) characters, using the principle of parsimony, gives the fine structure of the phylogeny.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051900411
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone morphogenetic protein inhibits differentiation and affects expression of helix-loop-helix regulatory molecules in myoblastic cells (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: bone morphogenetic protein ; helix-loop-helix molecules ; myogenin ; Myo D ; herculin ; myf-5 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) reproducibly induces chondrogenesis and osteogenesis when implanted into skeletal muscle. The exact identity of the cell that responds to BMP is not known. Furthermore, controversy exists regarding the possibility that myoblastic cells may transdifferentiate to chondrocytes and osteoblasts under the influence of BMP. We have therefore, undertaken studies on the effects of BMP on differentiation in L6 and C2C12 cells, two rodent myoblastic cell lines. To gain insights into the mechanisms of action of BMP, we have studied the effects of BMP on the levels of expression of the four known myogenic determination genes: myogenin, Myo D, herculin, and myf-5. BMP inhibited myogenesis in myoblastic cells. Convincing evidence of transdifferentiation of myoblasts to chondrocytes or osteoblasts was not seen. BMP inhibited the expression of all four myogenic determination genes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240530107
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