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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micro-evolutionary change and population dynamics of a brood parasite and its primary host: the intermittent arms race hypothesis (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 381-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Coevolution ; Parasite counter-defences ; Pica pica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A long-term study of the interactions between a brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius, and its primary host the magpie Pica pica, demonstrated local changes in the distribution of both magpies and cuckoos and a rapid increase of rejection of both mimetic and non-mimetic model eggs by the host. In rich areas, magpies improved three of their defensive mechanisms: nest density and breeding synchrony increased dramatically and rejection rate of cuckoo eggs increased more slowly. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that parasitism rate decreased as host density increased and cuckoo density decreased. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the probability of changes in magpie nest density in the study plots was significantly affected by the density of magpie nests during the previous year (positively) and the rejection rate of mimetic model eggs (negatively). These results are consistent with a hypothesis (the intermittent arms race hypothesis) of spatially structured cyclic changes in parasitism. During periods of parasitism, host defences continuously improve, and as a consequence, the fitness gains for parasites decrease. When host defences against parasites reach a high level, dispersing parasites have a selective advantage if they are able to emigrate to areas of low resistance. Once parasites have left an area hosts will lose their defensive adaptations due to their cost in the absence of parasitism. The scene is then set for re-colonization by great spotted cuckoos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050671
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary characterization of the material released to the culture medium byCandida albicans yeast and mycelial cells (1995)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 68 (1995), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; cell wall ; culture filtrates ; mannoproteins ; proteins ; surface antigens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Culture filtrate concentrates were obtained fromCandida albicans yeast and mycelial cells grown in the presence of14C-protein hydrolysate for radioactive labeling of cellular polypeptides. Both growth forms released to the medium minor but significant amounts of proteinaceous materials. The analysis of culture filtrate concentrates by means of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography revealed a similar and complex electrophoretic pattern, though some qualitative and quantitative differences between samples obtained from yeast and mycelial cells were observed. Materials released, mostly composed of mannoproteins as shown by their affinity towards concanavalin A, presented (i) cross-reactivity (by Western immunoblotting and ELISA) against polyclonal antisera to genuine cell wall components (among them the 58-kilodalton fibrinogen-binding mannoprotein) and (ii) high affinity for polystyrene-latex microbeads. Results presented suggest a possible common identity for the molecules shed to the medium and the cell wall protein and mannoprotein constituents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00871815
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Common and form-specific cell wall antigens of Candida albicans as released by chemical and enzymatic treatments (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 134 (1996), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; cell wall ; protein and mannoprotein antigens ; Zymolyase ; β-mercaptoethanol ; polyclonal antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the antigenic properties of the proteins and mannoproteins present in the cell surface of Candida albicans, and to identify individual antigenic moieties and their distribution, a number of polyclonal antisera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with chemical and enzymatic cell wall extracts obtained from intact cells from both growth forms (yeast and mycelium) of the fungus. Prior to injection, wall moieties present in the extracts were subjected to different treatments and/or purification procedures such as adsorption onto polystyrenelatex microbeads or electrophoretic separation. When used as probes in indirect immunofluorescence assays, the different antisera gave rise to different fluorescence patterns varying in intensity and topological localization of the reactivity in C. albicans cells. When the different antisera were used as probes in Western blots of wall proteinaceous materials solubilized from both blastospores and germ tubes, differences in reactivity and specificity were readily discernible, allowing to identify a number of common and form-specific cell wall components. Of special interest was the fact that one of the antisera raised, after adsorption onto heat-killed blastospores, specifically recognized medium to low molecular weight moieties present only in the cell wall extracts from germ tubes. When this antiserum was used as probe in immunofluorescence assays, reactivity was confined to the hyphal extensions. Together, these observations seem to indicate that the different antibody preparations described in this report could represent important tools in the study of different aspects of the cell wall biology in C. albicans, including the identification and study of the distribution of common and form-specific cell wall-bound antigens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437047
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between thigmotropism and Candida biofilm formation in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 144 (1998), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: biofilm ; Candida albicans ; Candida tropicalis ; saliva ; serum ; thigmotropism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The biofilm formation of the oral fungal pathogen Candida on denture acrylic strips coated with saliva or serum was examined in relation to the ability to induce hyphae by thigmotropic reaction, using C. albicans (4 isolates), C. glabrata (3 isolates) and C. tropicalis (3 isolates). Both the degree of biofilm formation and the amount of hyphae exhibiting thigmotropism varied depending upon both the species and strains of Candida. Although there was no significant correlation between the amount of hyphae induced by thigmotropic reaction of fungal isolates and biofilm formation on uncoated control specimens (r = 0.577; p 〈 0.05), the ability of hyphae induced by thigmotropic reaction significantly correlated with the amount of both saliva- and serum-admixed biofilms (r = 0.734; p 〈 0.05 and r = 0.793; p 〈 0.01, respectively). Taken together our in vitro data suggested that the hyphal induction by thigmotropic reaction is of importance in candidal biofilm formation on saliva- or serum-coated acrylic surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007073930933
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential allocation of food by magpies Pica pica to great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius chicks (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Food allocation ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult magpies Pica pica provide parasitic great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius nestlings with a diet very similar to that fed to their own chicks. In both naturally and experimentally parasitized nests, great spotted cuckoo chicks were fed at a higher rate than magpie chicks in the same nest. This preferential allocation of food by magpie parents to great spotted cuckoo chicks is consistent with the supernormal stimulus hypothesis, because this result implies that cuckoo chicks provide stronger stimuli for parental care than host chicks. Great spotted cuckoo chicks receive most of the food brought to the nest by the foster parents, because they exploit a series of stimuli which jointly (or sometimes individually) operate as a supernormal stimulus. This hypothesis predicts that if any stimulus is masked, the efficiency of the cuckoo in eliciting parental care will decrease. Here, we analyze experimentally the effects of two of these stimuli, preferential feeding of large nestlings and of nestlings with conspicuous palatal papillae. Firstly, when we experimentally introduced one medium-sized (7–9 days) cuckoo chick into an unparasitized magpie nest where the largest magpie chick was 12–15 days old, the cuckoo did not receive significantly more food than the average or the largest magpie chick. Secondly, when unparasitized nests were experimentally parasitized with a cuckoo chick that had its gape painted to mimic that of magpie chicks, the parasitic cuckoo received less food than the average magpie chick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173893
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chick recognition and acceptance: a weakness in magpies exploited by the parasitic great spotted cuckoo (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Chick recognition ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hosts of brood parasites have evolved the ability to discriminate non-mimetic and even mimetic eggs, but not non-mimetic chicks. Here we demonstrate that the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius does not provide its magpie Pica pica host with a super-normal stimulus that helps to avoid recognition, because single cuckoo chicks introduced into otherwise unparasitized magpie nests are not fed at a higher frequency than single magpie chicks introduced to parasitized magpie nests. Another series of experiments demonstrated that magpies have the ability to discriminate cuckoo chicks, mainly when these are introduced at the end of the nestling period, and especially when the cuckoo chick together with a magpie chick is presented to adult magpies outside the nest. This supports the idea that cuckoos exploit the obligatory reaction of magpies to feed all young that have been hatched in their nests and whose “signatures” they have learnt. Furthermore, the experimental cuckoo chicks in parasitized magpie nests were more likely to be accepted than they were in non-parasitized nests. This supports the hypothesis that magpies may learn to recognise their own nestlings as those present in the nest and may indicate that a comparison between cuckoo and magpie nestlings is the basis of discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177403
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential allocation of food by magpies Pica pica to great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius chicks (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Food allocation ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult magpies Pica pica provide parasitic great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius nestlings with a diet very similar to that fed to their own chicks. In both naturally and experimentally parasitized nests, great spotted cuckoo chicks were fed at a higher rate than magpie chicks in the same nest. This preferential allocation of food by magpie parents to great spotted cuckoo chicks is consistent with the supernormal stimulus hypothesis, because this result implies that cuckoo chicks provide stronger stimuli for parental care than host chicks. Great spotted cuckoo chicks receive most of the food brought to the nest by the foster parents, because they exploit a series of stimuli which jointly (or sometimes individually) operate as a supernormal stimulus. This hypothesis predicts that if any stimulus is masked, the efficiency of the cuckoo in eliciting parental care will decrease. Here, we analyze experimentally the effects of two of these stimuli, preferential feeding of large nestlings and of nestlings with conspicuous palatal papillae. Firstly, when we experimentally introduced one medium-sized (7–9 days) cuckoo chick into an unparasitized magpie nest where the largest magpie chick was 12–15 days old, the cuckoo did not receive significantly more food than the average or the largest magpie chick. Secondly, when unparasitized nests were experimentally parasitized with a cuckoo chick that had its gape painted to mimic that of magpie chicks, the parasitic cuckoo received less food than the average magpie chick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050167
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chick recognition and acceptance: a weakness in magpies exploited by the parasitic great spotted cuckoo (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Chick recognition ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hosts of brood parasites have evolved the ability to discriminate nonmimetic and even mimetic eggs, but not nonmimetic chicks. Here we demonstrate that the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius does not provide its magpie Pica pica host with a supernormal stimulus that helps to avoid recognition, because single cuckoo chicks introduced into otherwise unparasitized magpie nests are not fed at a higher frequency than single magpie chicks introduced to parasitized magpie nests. Another series of experiments demonstrated that magpies have the ability to discriminate cuckoo chicks, mainly when these are introduced at the end of the nestling period, and especially when the cuckoo chick together with a magpie chick is presented to adult magpies outside the nest. This supports the idea that cuckoos exploit the obligatory reaction of magpies to feed all young that have been hatched in their nests and whose “signatures” they have learnt. Furthermore, the experimental cuckoo chicks in parasitized magpie nests were more likely to be accepted than they were in nonparasitized nests. This supports the hypothesis that magpies may learn to recognise their own nestlings as those present in the nest and may indicate that a comparison between cuckoo and magpie nestlings is the basis of discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050187
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Cloning of a Candida albicans Gene (SSB1) Coding for a Protein Related to the Hsp70 Family (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 677-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; heat-shock (stress) proteins ; nucleotide sequence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have cloned and sequenced a Candida albicans gene (SSB1) encoding a potential member of the heat-shock protein seventy (hsp70) family. The protein encoded by this gene contains 613 amino acids and shows a high degree (85%) of sequence identity to the ssb subfamily (ssb1 and ssb2) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae hsp70 family. The transcribed mRNA (2·1 kb) is present in similar amounts both in yeast and germ tube cells of C. albicans. The sequence data has been deposited in the GenBank data library under the Accession Number X97723. © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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