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  • 1
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    Highly parallel computation (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Among the highly parallel computing architectures required for advanced scientific computation, those designated 'MIMD' and 'SIMD' have yielded the best results to date. The present development status evaluation of such architectures shown neither to have attained a decisive advantage in most near-homogeneous problems' treatment; in the cases of problems involving numerous dissimilar parts, however, such currently speculative architectures as 'neural networks' or 'data flow' machines may be entailed. Data flow computers are the most practical form of MIMD fine-grained parallel computers yet conceived; they automatically solve the problem of assigning virtual processors to the real processors in the machine.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 250; 1217-122
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Notes on implementation of sparsely distributed memory (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Sparsely Distributed Memory (SDM) developed by Kanerva is an unconventional memory design with very interesting and desirable properties. The memory works in a manner that is closely related to modern theories of human memory. The SDM model is discussed in terms of its implementation in hardware. Two appendices discuss the unconventional approaches of the SDM: Appendix A treats a resistive circuit for fast, parallel address decoding; and Appendix B treats a systolic array for high throughput read and write operations.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89254 , RIACS-TR-86.15 , NAS 1.15:89254
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    A view of Kanerva's sparse distributed memory (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pentti Kanerva is working on a new class of computers, which are called pattern computers. Pattern computers may close the gap between capabilities of biological organisms to recognize and act on patterns (visual, auditory, tactile, or olfactory) and capabilities of modern computers. Combinations of numeric, symbolic, and pattern computers may one day be capable of sustaining robots. The overview of the requirements for a pattern computer, a summary of Kanerva's Sparse Distributed Memory (SDM), and examples of tasks this computer can be expected to perform well are given.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89206 , RIACS-TR-86.14 , NAS 1.15:89206
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Will machines ever think (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Artificial Intelligence research has come under fire for failing to fulfill its promises. A growing number of AI researchers are reexamining the bases of AI research and are challenging the assumption that intelligent behavior can be fully explained as manipulation of symbols by algorithms. Three recent books -- Mind over Machine (H. Dreyfus and S. Dreyfus), Understanding Computers and Cognition (T. Winograd and F. Flores), and Brains, Behavior, and Robots (J. Albus) -- explore alternatives and open the door to new architectures that may be able to learn skills.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: NASA-TM-89244 , RIACS-TR-86.12 , NAS 1.15:89244
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    First 3 years of operation of RIACS (Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science) (1983-1985) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The focus of the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) is to explore matches between advanced computing architectures and the processes of scientific research. An architecture evaluation of the MIT static dataflow machine, specification of a graphical language for expressing distributed computations, and specification of an expert system for aiding in grid generation for two-dimensional flow problems was initiated. Research projects for 1984 and 1985 are summarized.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-179699 , RIACS-TR-86.11 , NAS 1.26:179699
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Virtual memory (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Virtual memory was conceived as a way to automate overlaying of program segments. Modern computers have very large main memories, but need automatic solutions to the relocation and protection problems. Virtual memory serves this need as well and is thus useful in computers of all sizes. The history of the idea is traced, showing how it has become a widespread, little noticed feature of computers today.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89401 , RIACS-TR-86.8 , NAS 1.15:89401
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  • 7
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    Is random access memory random? (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Most software is contructed on the assumption that the programs and data are stored in random access memory (RAM). Physical limitations on the relative speeds of processor and memory elements lead to a variety of memory organizations that match processor addressing rate with memory service rate. These include interleaved and cached memory. A very high fraction of a processor's address requests can be satified from the cache without reference to the main memory. The cache requests information from main memory in blocks that can be transferred at the full memory speed. Programmers who organize algorithms for locality can realize the highest performance from these computers.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89394 , RIACS-TR-86.1 , NAS 1.15:89394
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  • 8
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    Sparse distributed memory (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Sparse distributed memory was proposed be Pentti Kanerva as a realizable architecture that could store large patterns and retrieve them based on partial matches with patterns representing current sensory inputs. This memory exhibits behaviors, both in theory and in experiment, that resemble those previously unapproached by machines - e.g., rapid recognition of faces or odors, discovery of new connections between seemingly unrelated ideas, continuation of a sequence of events when given a cue from the middle, knowing that one doesn't know, or getting stuck with an answer on the tip of one's tongue. These behaviors are now within reach of machines that can be incorporated into the computing systems of robots capable of seeing, talking, and manipulating. Kanerva's theory is a break with the Western rationalistic tradition, allowing a new interpretation of learning and cognition that respects biology and the mysteries of individual human beings.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-188841 , NAS 1.26:188841 , RIACS-TR-89-22
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  • 9
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    Blindness in designing intelligent systems (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: New investigations of the foundations of artificial intelligence are challenging the hypothesis that problem solving is the cornerstone of intelligence. New distinctions among three domains of concern for humans--description, action, and commitment--have revealed that the design process for programmable machines, such as expert systems, is based on descriptions of actions and induces blindness to nonanalytic action and commitment. Design processes focusing in the domain of description are likely to yield programs like burearcracies: rigid, obtuse, impersonal, and unable to adapt to changing circumstances. Systems that learn from their past actions, and systems that organize information for interpretation by human experts, are more likely to be successful in areas where expert systems have failed.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: NASA-CR-184582 , NAS 1.26:184582 , RIACS-TR-88.4
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Memory protection (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Accidental overwriting of files or of memory regions belonging to other programs, browsing of personal files by superusers, Trojan horses, and viruses are examples of breakdowns in workstations and personal computers that would be significantly reduced by memory protection. Memory protection is the capability of an operating system and supporting hardware to delimit segments of memory, to control whether segments can be read from or written into, and to confine accesses of a program to its segments alone. The absence of memory protection in many operating systems today is the result of a bias toward a narrow definition of performance as maximum instruction-execution rate. A broader definition, including the time to get the job done, makes clear that cost of recovery from memory interference errors reduces expected performance. The mechanisms of memory protection are well understood, powerful, efficient, and elegant. They add to performance in the broad sense without reducing instruction execution rate.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-184961 , NAS 1.26:184961 , RIACS-TR-88.17
    Format: application/pdf
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