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  • gastrointestinal transit  (5)
  • Behavior  (4)
  • Springer  (9)
  • Springer Nature
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of density on the gastric emptying of single- and multiple-unit dosage forms (1986)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 3 (1986), S. 208-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): gastrointestinal transit ; pellet density ; floating formulations, gastric emptying
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The gastric emptying of pellets and single units of different densities has been followed in healthy subjects using the technique of gamma scintigraphy. The gastric emptying of the light pellets was affected by their buoyancy in the upper part of the stomach. However, the mean gastric emptying rates of pellets and single units were not significantly affected by density. Floating or buoyant delivery systems may have little advantage over conventional systems. The presence of food in the stomach was found to be the major factor in determining the gastric emptying of single units.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016334629169
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ontogenetic shift in geotaxis for walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma free embryos and larvae: potential role in controlling vertical distribution (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 39 (1994), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Behavior ; Buoyancy ; Orientation ; Resting ; Swimming ; Yolksac larvae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis The behavioral capability of walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma free embryos and larvae to control vertical distribution was assessed by examining buoyancy during resting and swimming orientation and activity as they developed in complete darkness from hatching to first feeding readiness (1 to 7 d post hatching at 6° C). Free embryos exhibited positive geotaxis 1 d post hatching, actively swimming through a density gradient to remain in the lower water column. Activity increased with free embryo development and by 7 d post hatching, feeding-ready larvae reversed their vertical orientation, now exhibiting negative geotaxis as they migrated to the upper water column. The results indicate that even at the earliest developmental stages, walleye pollock possess the capability to control vertical distribution. Laboratory results are compared with patterns of vertical distribution observed in the sea.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005132
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of visual cues in the facilitation of growth in a schooling fish (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 34 (1992), S. 421-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Behavior ; Chum salmon ; Growth variation ; Oncorhynchus keta ; Sensory input ; Visual contact
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis This study tested the hypothesis that visual contact between fish may result in enhanced rates of growth in a schooling fish. Juvenile chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, were held singly and reared in isolation or in visual contact with conspecifics. Fish were fed at either a low (6% body weight d−1) or high (20% body weight d−1) ration for 42d. Specific rates of weight gain were 18% greater at low ration and 38% greater at high ration for fish in visual contract with conspecifics than for those held in isolation. The results demonstrate a selective advantage of visual cues associated with schooling behavior and suggest that the efficacy of growth models for schooling fishes may be enhanced by the consideration of social interactions which may facilitate growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004746
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phototactic responses of unfed walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma larvae: comparisons with other measures of condition (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 35 (1992), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Behavior ; Bioassay ; Light ; Starvation ; Swimming ; Survival
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis The capability of unfed walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, larvae to swim horizontally towards light was used as a sensitive, sublethal measure of larval condition. At 9°C, positive phototaxis and swimming ability of larvae was fully developed by 4–6 d after hatching, then decreased steadily until death by 12 d after hatching. This measure of larval condition corresponded closely with previously established benchmarks of larval condition, including first feeding, yolksac absorption, point of no return and death by starvation. The presence and timing of behavioral deficits associated with starvation, such as decreased ability to swim, feed and avoid predators, may have significant effects on the ability of larvae to vertically migrate, avoid predators and find and capture food.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001164
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Formation and maintenance of aggregations in walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma, larvae under laboratory conditions: role of visual and chemical stimuli (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 44 (1995), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Behavior ; Chemosensory ; Distribution ; Fish larvae ; Orientation ; Olfaction ; Patches ; Vision
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis Although planktonic marine fish larvae are often distributed in aggregations, the role of behavioral responses to environmental factors in these aggregations is not well understood. This work examines, under laboratory conditions, the influence of visual and chemical stimuli in the formation and maintenance of aggregations in walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma, larvae. Larvae were exposed to a horizontal gradient of light (visual stimulus), prey scent (chemical stimuli: squid/copepod and rotifer) or prey density (visual & chemical stimuli: rotifers). While larvae did not respond to prey scent, they did respond to a gradient of light or prey, which resulted in the formation and maintenance of aggregations. Larvae moved into and remained in a zone of higher light intensity (0.56 versus 0.01 μmol photons m-2 s-1). Once encountering a patch of prey, larvae remained aggregated within the patch to feed. In nature, movement of walleye pollock larvae in response to selected environmental factors (e.g., gravity, light, temperature, turbulence) may serendipitously bring them into contact with prey patches, where they then could remain to feed as long as light intensity remained at or above levels necessary for feeding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008253
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Correlation of Phenylpropanolamine Bioavailability with Gastrointestinal Transit by Scintigraphic Monitoring of 111In-Labeled Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Matrices (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 274-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): bioavailability ; scintigraphy ; gastrointestinal transit ; controlled release ; phenylpropanolamine ; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Two controlled-release hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) matrix formulations, a single-unit and a multiple-unit system, have been evaluated in human volunteers. Both formulations contained the sympathomimetic drug phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and each was radiolabeled with 111Inbound Amberlite IR 120 ion-exchange resin. The formulations were administered to each of six healthy male volunteers and gastrointestinal (GI) transit was monitored using a gamma camera. Serum samples were taken at set time intervals and assayed for phenylpropanolamine content, thus allowing blood drug levels to be correlated with the position of the dosage form in the GI tract. The multiple-unit system emptied from the stomach gradually over a period of about 180 min, when administered after a light breakfast, whereas the single-unit dosage forms had extremely variable gastric emptying times (range, 60 to 〉570 min). However, both formulations provided prolonged phenylpropanolamine blood levels. The differences in the blood profiles obtained with the two formulations were attributed to variations in their in vitro release rates and not to any differences in their GI transit times.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015986121822
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variation in Gastrointestinal Transit of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms in Healthy Subjects (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 360-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): gamma scintigraphy ; variability ; gastrointestinal transit ; pharmaceutical dosage forms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The variability in the gastrointestinal transit of a multiple-unit and single-unit dosage form was investigated following a light breakfast in six, healthy, male volunteers after repeated weekly administration. The dosage forms were labeled with gamma-emitting radionuclides and the transit of the formulations was monitored on 4 separate study days using the technique of dual-isotope gamma scintigraphy. Gastric emptying times and small intestinal transit times were calculated and compared statistically within and between subjects using the standard deviation and coefficient of variance. The variability in gastric emptying of single- and multiple-unit systems was large; the intrasubject variation being less than the intersubject. There was less variation in small intestinal transit times for the single- and multiple-unit formulations than in gastric emptying, intrasubject variation again being less than intersubject variation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015849700421
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In Vivo Evaluation of Enteric-Coated Naproxen Tablets Using Gamma Scintigraphy (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 1436-1441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): naproxen ; enteric-coated tablets ; samarium-153 ; neutron activation ; gastrointestinal transit
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Seven healthy, male volunteers were entered into a randomized, open crossover study of the gastrointestinal transit of two enteric-coated 500-mg naproxen tablets. Two radiolabeled tablets were given to each volunteer on two occasions separated by 7 days, once in the fasted state and once after breakfast. Radiolabeling of tablets was achieved by the incorporation of samarium-152 oxide during manufacture, followed by neutron activation of the tablet to produce the gamma-emitting isotope samarium-153. No loss of tablet integrity was seen in the stomach and all tablets disintegrated in the small intestine. Onset of tablet disintegration was controlled predominantly by gastric emptying. Time in the small intestine prior to tablet disintegration was independent of food intake. Naproxen blood levels with time were consistent with the delayed release of naproxen from the tablets. Overall, transit, disintegration, and absorption were as expected from an enteric-coated tablet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015858829187
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Effect of Oleic Acid on the Human Ileal Brake and Its Implications for Small Intestinal Transit of Tablet Formulations (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 92-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): ileal brake ; oleic acid ; tablets ; gastrointestinal transit ; scintigraphy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Purpose. A human volunteer study was carried out to investigate whether activation of the ileal brake mechanism affects the transit of tablets through the small intestine. Methods. Oleic acid, which has previously been shown to activate the brake, was delivered to the small intestine in a modified release capsule at doses of 300 mg, 600 mg and 1200 mg. The effect of the oleic acid was determined by measuring the transit of two sets of radiolabelled tablets by gamma scintigraphy. One set of tablets was dosed with the capsule and the other one hour later. Results. The results show that in the majority of the volunteers small intestinal residence time was greater with the oleic acid than control. The effect was most pronounced in the tablets given concomitantly with the capsule and with the higher doses of oleic acid. Conclusions. The ileal brake, activated by oleic acid, can slow the transit of tablets through the small intestine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018827030210
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