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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 20 (1982), S. 170-174 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dipole-dipole relaxation via non-bonded protons is an important relaxation mechanism for119Sn in tri-n-propyltin and tri-n -butyltin compounds. This causes a negative nuclear Overhauser effect, arising from the negative magnetogyric ratio, which in some cases nulls the signal. The relative contributions from the spin-rotation and dipole-dipole mechanisms vary: larger molecules have lower spin-rotation and higher dipolar relaxation rates. The practical significance of large nuclear Overhauser enhancement factors in recording 119Sn spectra and the relation of the dipole-dipole contribution to the molecular motion and of the spin-rotation contribution to the absolute shift scale for 119Sn are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 54 (1961), S. 65-81 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the graft copolymerization of styrene onto methyl acrylate (MA) and methyl methacrylate copolymers (MMA) containing tert-butyl perester groups have been studied. The synthesis of these perester copolymers was carried out in two steps: (1) copolymerization of acrylyl chloride with methyl (meth)acrylate, and (2) reaction of the acrylyl chloride copolymer with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Further, these perester copolymers were usually treated with diazomethane in order to methylate any carboxylic group which might be present. The graft copolymers were separated from both hompolymers by progressive precipitation on addition of methanol to the chloroform solution of the copolymers. The stability of these perester copolymers has been considered and found to depend on whether there are acid groups in the copolymer. The first-order rate constants and the activation energy of decomposition in the absence of acid groups have been evaluated. These values depend on the molar composition of the copolymer; an induced decomposition of peresters is favored by a high perester content, which is responsible for a decrease in Ea (26.8 instead of 29.6 kcal./mole). In the presence of free carboxylic groups, some of the perester groups decompose very rapidly, the energy of activation of their decomposition being only 15 instead of 25.6 kcal./mole for the slow step. The degree of conversion attained during the rapid step is a function of the stereochemical structure of the copolymer, and the rate of decomposition is much higher than that produced by the addition of external acid. With the MA perester the rate of grafting is proportional to the square root of the perester concentration while it is first order with respect to the monomer concentration. These dependences were found to hold also for the overall rate of polymerization (from the total weight increase) as well as for the grafting rate (from the isolated graft copolymer and its styrene content). The styrene content of the graft copolymer increases with monomer concentration (e.g., 53.8 and 75.3 for monomer concentrations of 2.6 and 6.1 moles/l., respectively). At low monomer concentration, grafting is greatly favored over homopolymerization; it is also enhanced by the viscosity of the solution. With the MMA perester also, the grafting rate obeys the square root law for the perester concentration and the first-order dependence on monomer. However, the rate of grafting is practically independent of the styrene concentration over a large range. The relative importance of grafting over homopolymerization is in this case much less than with MA-TBP, except at high dilution. Different interpretations are suggested in order to explain the very high and sometimes very low values of Rg/Rh, the ratio of the rate of grafting to the rate of hompolymerization. The different behaviors of the MA and MMA peresters are discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylacrylat wurde bis zu hohen Umsätzen bei Temperaturen zwischen 25 und 60°C photopolymerisiert. Die Kennzeichen des beobachteten Geleffektes wurden durch Radikaleinschluß in dem hochviskosen polymerisierenden System erklärt. Die einfache kinetische Analyse ist hier nicht wie in früheren Mitteilungen anwendbar ohne die Annahme zusäzlicher Faktoren, die der Verzweigung und Vernetzung, welche bei der Polymerisation dieses Monomeren in Substanz auftreten, Rechnung tragen.
    Notes: Methyl acrylate has been photopolymerised to high conversions in the range 25-60°C. and the characteristics of the gel effect observed have been explained by radical occlusion in the highly viscous polymerising system. The simple kinetic analysis introduced in earlier papers is not applicable here without the inclusion of extra factors to account for the prolific branching and crosslinking pertaining in the bulk polymerisation of this monomer.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 48 (1965), S. 649-655 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bulloside was found to be the glycoside of digitoxigenin with a disaccharide. The latter ist most probably either thevetosido-digitoxose, not yet known in pure state, or a stereoisomer of this biose.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Photopolymerisation von n-Propyl- und n-Butylmethacrylat wurde bei hohen Umsätzen untersucht und der Geleffekt mit demjenigen, den man für den Methylester findet, verglichen1. Eine kinetische Analyse, die sich auf die Annahme eines Radikalkonzentrationseffektes durch den Einschluß aktiver Zentren stützt, wurde mit Erfolg auf diese Reaktion angewendet.
    Notes: The photopolymerisation of n-propyl and n-butyl methacrylate to high conversions has been investigated, and the gel effect compared with that found for the methyl ester1. A kinetic analysis, based on a radical concentration effect caused by the occlusion of active centres, has been applied successfully to these reaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 154-170 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der vollständige Reaktionsverlauf der Photopolymerisation von Methylmethacrylat wurde studiert und versucht, die Kennzeichen des Geleffektes, der bei der Polymerisation dieses und anderer Vinylsysteme bei höheren Umsätzen auftritt, zu erklären. Man muß annehmen, daß bei der Polymerisation dieses Vinylesters in Substanz die Stationaritätsbedingungen nur im Anfangsstadium der Polymerisation anwendbar sind; später werden die wachsenden Radikale von Polymeren eingeschlossen. Während also eine Verringerung der Konzentration der Radikale, die den Abbruch bewirken, eintritt, nimmt die Zahl der Radikale, die zu weiterem Wachstum befähigt sind, zu. Daraus ergibt sich eine kontinuierliche Zunahme der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und des Molekulargewichtes des gebildeten Polymeren. Gleichfalls soll der steile Abfall der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit nach Null vor Erreichung eines vollständigen Umsatzes erklärt werden durch die Behinderung der Diffusion des Monomeren in dem stark gequollenen System.Einer einfachen kinetischen Analyse zufolge ist der TROMMSDORFF-Effekt ds ein Radikalkonzentrationsphänomen anzusehen; beim Methacrylsäureester findet man gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentell gefundenen Werten.Die Ergebnisse der Bestimmung des Intensitätsexponenten der Reaktion und des Einflusses von übertragenden Stoffen auf die Polymerisation stimmen mit den vorausgestellten Theorien überein.
    Notes: The polymerisation of methyl methacrylate has been studied over the complete course of the reaction and an attempt has been made to explain the characteristics of the “gel effect” observed in the high conversion polymerisation of this and other vinyl systems. It is suggested that in the bulk polymerisation of this vinyl ester stationary state kinetic are only strictly applicable in the early stages of polymerisation, after which the accumulated polymer results in the occlusion of growing radicals. Thus when there is a decrease in the concentration of radicals available for termination there is an increase in the number capable of further propagation. The result is a continual increase in the rate of polymesation and in the molecular weight of polymer formed. Similarly the sharp fall off in rate to zero values before complete polymerisation, has been explained by a decrease in the rate of propagation due to the inability of monomer to diffuse readily through the highly gelled system.A simple kinetic analysis has been put forward explaining the “TROMSDORFF-Effect” as a radical concentration phenomenon, and for methacrylate esters this gives good agreement with experimental observations. Determinations of the intensity exponent of the reaction and the effect of transfer agents on the polymerisation are also in good agreement with the theories proposed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 119Sn NMR ; Pairwise additivity model ; Inorganic tin(IV) complexes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of SnBr4 and KSCN in methanol solution has been studied by 119Sn NMR at 149 MHz and -30°C. Evidence was obtained for the existence of both the cis and trans isomeric forms of SnBr4·2MeOH. A pairwise additivity model for chemical shifts was used to explain the observed peaks and many of the possible species, SnBrn(NCS)4-n·2MeOH. [SnBrn(NCS)5-n·MeOH]- and [SnBrn(NCS)6-n2-], (n=0-4), and their somecies, forms were identified and shown to exist simultaneously in solution in complex equilibria. In some cases 119Sn-14N coupling was observed. The implications for possible synthesis of these types of compounds and the necessity for measurement at high field are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Electron spin resonance spectroscopy ; Sulphur-nitrogen-containing radicals ; Dithiadiazolyl radicals ; Dithiadiazolyl radicals ; Dithiazophospholyl radicals ; Phosphaalkynes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Further information has been obtained on the electronic structure of 1,3,2-dithiazol-2-yl radicals. The structure has been well characterized previously except for positions 4 and 5 in the ring. We have obtained solution and powder ESR spectra of radicals substituted with 13C in both positions and of radicals substituted with nitrogen or phosphorus in the 4-position. It is probably the first time that a compound has been prepared containing the ring. Two especially interesting facts emerged from the ESR spectra of these 1,3,2-dithiazolyl radicals: the 13C-substituted radical has a considerable amount of p spin density in the plane of the ring and the phosphorussubstituted radical has a very low unpaired spin density at the phosphorus atom. It is known that 1,3,2,4-dithiadiazolyl radicals isomerize readily by photolysis to the symmetrical 2,3,1,4-dithiadiazolyl radicals; we attempted the same reaction with But and a new radical was produced that we have been unable to identify.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 30 (1992), S. 1000-1011 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: NMR relaxation ; Carbon-13 ; Deuterium ; ESR ; Micelles ; Surfactants ; Spin probes ; Alkyl chains ; Molecular dynamics ; ‘Two-step’ model ; ‘Three-step’ model ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multi-frequency relaxation studies combined with the ‘two-step’ and ‘three-step’ models for molecular motion have been applied to a range of anionic surfactant molecules. From the internal dynamic parameters (τf and S) conclusions have been drawn about the dependence of surfactant molecular dynamics inside micelles on molecular structure, and two unusual conformations have been identified. Slow correlation time (τs) data have also been obtained for these compounds. Three deuteriated surfactant molecules were subjected to the ‘three-step’ model and data are presented showing how the dimensions of the non-spherical micelles vary with temperature. An ESR spin probe study has been carried out on the compounds giving probe rotational correlation times at various temperatures. Information on alkyl chain packing at or near the water/micelle interface can be obtained from the derived thermodynamic parameters.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 29 (1991), S. 777-785 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Carbon-13 relaxation ; Molecular motion ; Rotational barriers ; Dicyclohexyl compounds ; Traction fluids ; Molecular modelling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four dicyclohexyl compounds were studied, one of which is a traction fluid and the remainder have related structures in which the cyclohexane rings are separated by two or three carbon atoms. Carbon-13 NMR T1 and NOE data were obtained for the four compounds at 22.50 and 100.62 MHz over a wide temperature range. The data were fitted simultaneously to either a reduced Lorentzian spectral density or to a ‘model-free’ two-correlation time spectral density. For the first time it has been possible to observe the tracking from the full ‘model-free’ two-correlation time spectral density to the reduced Lorentzian spectral density. From the correlation times and activation energies derived from these fittings, it can be concluded that all the compounds have semi-rigid structures. Computer modelling of the structures and molecular mechanics calculations of the rotational barriers gave results in agreement with those from the NMR data. Similarly, it was found that the friction coefficients of the compounds correlate with the NMR and molecular mechanics conclusions, namely that the increased rigidity produced by the introduction of methyl groups into the linkage between the cyclohexane rings leads to a more effective traction fluids. Hence it seems to be feasible to design new traction fluids in the laboratory.
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