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  • 1
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    Mars global ionosphere-thermosphere model (MGITM): Solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations of the Mars upper atmosphere (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: A new Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (M-GITM) is presented that combines the terrestrial GITM framework [ Ridley et al. , 2006] with Mars fundamental physical parameters, ion-neutral chemistry, and key radiative processes in order to capture the basic observed features of the thermal, compositional, and dynamical structure of the Mars atmosphere from the ground to the exosphere (0-250 km). Lower, middle, and upper atmosphere processes are included, based in part upon formulations used in previous lower and upper atmosphere Mars GCMs. This enables the M-GITM code to be run for various seasonal, solar cycle, and dust conditions. M-GITM validation studies have focused upon simulations for a range of solar and seasonal conditions. Key upper atmosphere measurements are selected for comparison to corresponding M-GITM neutral temperatures and neutral-ion densities. In addition, simulated lower atmosphere temperatures are compared with observations in order to provide a first order confirmation of a realistic lower atmosphere. M-GITM captures solar cycle and seasonal trends in the upper atmosphere that are consistent with observations, yielding significant periodic changes in the temperature structure, the species density distributions, and the large scale global wind system. For instance, mid-afternoon temperatures near ~ 200 km are predicted to vary from ~210 to 350 K (equinox) and ~190 to 390 k (aphelion to perihelion) over the solar cycle. These simulations will serve as a benchmark against which to compare episodic variations (e.g. due to solar flares, dust storms) in future M-GITM studies. Additionally, M-GITM will be used to support MAVEN mission activities (2014-2016).
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    In reply: does diphtheria toxin have nuclease activity? (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-11-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, B A -- Blanke, S R -- Murphy, J R -- Pappenheimer, A M Jr -- Collier, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Nov 9;250(4982):834-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17759975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Selective elimination of HIV-1-infected cells with an interleukin-2 receptor-specific cytotoxin (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-21
    Description: Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with cellular activation and expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor. A genetically engineered fusion toxin, DAB486 IL-2, that contains the enzymatic site and translocation domain of diphtheria toxin and the receptor binding domain of IL-2 specifically kills cells that express high-affinity IL-2 receptors. This toxin selectively eliminated the HIV-1-infected cells from mixed cultures of infected and uninfected cells and inhibited production of viral proteins and infectious virus. Thus, cellular activation antigens present a target for early antiviral intervention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finberg, R W -- Wahl, S M -- Allen, J B -- Soman, G -- Strom, T B -- Murphy, J R -- Nichols, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 21;252(5013):1703-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1904628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Survival ; Diphtheria Toxin/*administration & dosage/genetics ; Gene Products, env/metabolism ; Gene Products, gag/metabolism ; HIV Core Protein p24 ; HIV Envelope Protein gp160 ; HIV Infections/*therapy ; HIV-1/metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interleukin-2/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Precursors/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/*physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/toxicity ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*microbiology ; Viral Core Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    The Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation/meteorology (ASI/MET) experiment (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: The Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation/meteorology (ASI/MET) experiment measured the vertical density, pressure, and temperature structure of the martian atmosphere from the surface to 160 km, and monitored surface meteorology and climate for 83 sols (1 sol = 1 martian day = 24.7 hours). The atmospheric structure and the weather record are similar to those observed by the Viking 1 lander (VL-1) at the same latitude, altitude, and season 21 years ago, but there are differences related to diurnal effects and the surface properties of the landing site. These include a cold nighttime upper atmosphere; atmospheric temperatures that are 10 to 12 degrees kelvin warmer near the surface; light slope-controlled winds; and dust devils, identified by their pressure, wind, and temperature signatures. The results are consistent with the warm, moderately dusty atmosphere seen by VL-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schofield, J T -- Barnes, J R -- Crisp, D -- Haberle, R M -- Larsen, S -- Magalhaes, J A -- Murphy, J R -- Seiff, A -- Wilson, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1752-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. T. Schofield and D. Crisp, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Pressure ; Temperature ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The structure of the upper atmosphere of mars: In situ accelerometer measurements from mars global surveyor (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-25
    Description: The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) z-axis accelerometer has obtained over 200 vertical structures of thermospheric density, temperature, and pressure, ranging from 110 to 170 kilometers, compared to only three previous such vertical structures. In November 1997, a regional dust storm in the Southern Hemisphere triggered an unexpectedly large thermospheric response at mid-northern latitudes, increasing the altitude of thermospheric pressure surfaces there by as much as 8 kilometers and indicating a strong global thermospheric response to a regional dust storm. Throughout the MGS mission, thermospheric density bulges have been detected on opposite sides of the planet near 90 degreesE and 90 degreesW, in the vicinity of maximum terrain heights. This wave 2 pattern may be caused by topographically-forced planetary waves propagating up from the lower atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keating -- Bougher -- Zurek -- Tolson -- Cancro -- Noll -- Parker -- Schellenberg -- Shane -- Wilkerson -- Murphy -- Hollingsworth -- Haberle -- Joshi -- Pearl -- Conrath -- Smith -- Clancy -- Blanchard -- Wilmoth -- Rault -- Martin -- Lyons -- Esposito -- Johnston -- et -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1672-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉G. M. Keating, R. H. Tolson, G. J. Cancro, S. N. Noll, J. S. Parker, T. J. Schellenberg, R. W. Shane, B. L. Wilkerson, The George Washington University at NASA Langley, MS 269, Hampton, VA 23681, USA. S. W. Bougher and J. M. Babicke, Universi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Live attenuated malaria vaccine designed to protect through hepatic CD8(+) T cell immunity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: Our goal is to develop a vaccine that sustainably prevents Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria in 〉/=80% of recipients. Pf sporozoites (PfSPZ) administered by mosquito bites are the only immunogens shown to induce such protection in humans. Such protection is thought to be mediated by CD8(+) T cells in the liver that secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). We report that purified irradiated PfSPZ administered to 80 volunteers by needle inoculation in the skin was safe, but suboptimally immunogenic and protective. Animal studies demonstrated that intravenous immunization was critical for inducing a high frequency of PfSPZ-specific CD8(+), IFN-gamma-producing T cells in the liver (nonhuman primates, mice) and conferring protection (mice). Our results suggest that intravenous administration of this vaccine will lead to the prevention of infection with Pf malaria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Epstein, J E -- Tewari, K -- Lyke, K E -- Sim, B K L -- Billingsley, P F -- Laurens, M B -- Gunasekera, A -- Chakravarty, S -- James, E R -- Sedegah, M -- Richman, A -- Velmurugan, S -- Reyes, S -- Li, M -- Tucker, K -- Ahumada, A -- Ruben, A J -- Li, T -- Stafford, R -- Eappen, A G -- Tamminga, C -- Bennett, J W -- Ockenhouse, C F -- Murphy, J R -- Komisar, J -- Thomas, N -- Loyevsky, M -- Birkett, A -- Plowe, C V -- Loucq, C -- Edelman, R -- Richie, T L -- Seder, R A -- Hoffman, S L -- 5R44AI055229-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R44AI058375-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R44AI058499-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):475-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1211548. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood/immunology ; Antigens, Protozoan/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis/immunology ; Liver/*immunology ; Macaca mulatta ; Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*prevention & control ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; Rabbits ; Sporozoites/*immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage/adverse effects/immunology ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Nucleotide sequence and expression of the diphtheria tox228 gene in Escherichia coli (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-08-26
    Description: The complete nucleotide sequence of the diphtheria tox228 gene encoding the nontoxic serologically related protein CRM228 has been determined. A comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with the available amino acid sequences from the wild-type toxin made it possible to deduce essentially the entire nucleotide sequence of the wild-type tox gene. The signal peptide of pro-diphtheria toxin and the putative tox promoter have been identified, a highly symmetrical nucleotide sequence downstream of the toxin gene has been detected; this region may be the corynebacteriophage beta attachment site (attP). The cloned toxin gene was expressed at a low level in Escherichia coli.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaczorek, M -- Delpeyroux, F -- Chenciner, N -- Streeck, R E -- Murphy, J R -- Boquet, P -- Tiollais, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Aug 26;221(4613):855-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6348945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Diphtheria Toxin/*genetics ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; Genes, Bacterial ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Operon
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Cloned fragment A of diphtheria toxin is expressed and secreted into the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli K12 (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-04-29
    Description: An 831-base pair segment of the corynebacteriophage beta tox-45 genome encoding fragment A of diphtheria toxin was cloned into plasmid pUC8 in Escherichia coli K12. Strains containing recombinant plasmids expressed the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity characteristic of fragment A; this activity could be inhibited by polyvalent antiserum to fragment A as well as by the appropriate monoclonal antibodies to diphtheria toxin. The transferase activity was secreted into the periplasmic space of E. coli. These findings have implications for the future construction of genetically engineered chimeric toxins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leong, D -- Coleman, K D -- Murphy, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Apr 29;220(4596):515-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6403984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Corynebacterium diphtheriae/genetics ; DNA, Recombinant/metabolism ; Diphtheria Toxin/*genetics ; Escherichia coli/*genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Plasmids
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Comparative Study of Large Scale Auroral Signatures of Substorms, Steady Magnetospheric Convection Events and Sawtooth Events (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-14
    Description: This paper investigates the auroral evolution during different magnetospheric modes: substorms, steady magnetospheric convection and sawtooth events. We undertake a superposed epoch analysis using data from the IMAGE FUV (Imager for Magnetopause to Aurora Global Exploration Far Ultraviolet) SI12 (spectrographic imager) and WIC (wideband imaging camera) for each of these event types. We find that the auroral oval narrows and shows an equatorward movement prior to substorm onset. At substorm onset, the auroral oval brightens explosively near 23 MLT. After this the aurorae expand poleward and the brightening stretches dusk- and dawnward, with the duskward expansion being faster. Approximately 20 minutes after substorm onset, the aurorae begin to dim. Steady magnetospheric convection events with preceding substorms initially show the same signatures as substorms, but instead of the recovery after 20 minutes post onset, the aurorae stay bright for an extended period of time (at least 4 hours after onset). Despite continued dayside driving of the system during steady magnetospheric convection events, we see a reconfiguration in the nightside auroral activity, taking place between 120 to 150 minutes after onset. Sawteeth events show very similar signatures to substorms, except for the auroral emission being much brighter, covering a wider MLT extent, and taking significantly less time to recover. The proton aurorae during substorms take ∼2-4 hours to dim, during sawtooth events this process takes less than one hour, despite enhanced reconnection rates. A similar effect is seen in the electron aurorae, albeit not as extreme.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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