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  • 1
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    B-cell-independent sialylation of IgG [Immunology and Inflammation] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: IgG carrying terminal α2,6-linked sialic acids added to conserved N-glycans within the Fc domain by the sialyltransferase ST6Gal1 accounts for the anti-inflammatory effects of large-dose i.v. Ig (IVIg) in autoimmunity. Here, B-cell–specific ablation of ST6Gal1 in mice revealed that IgG sialylation can occur in the extracellular environment of the bloodstream...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Mitochondrial translocation of cyclin C stimulates intrinsic apoptosis through Bax recruitment (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Cyclin C promotes Bax activation, recruitment to mitochondria and mitochondrial fragmentation, thereby initiating apoptosis in response to stress. Abstract Intrinsic apoptosis requires mitochondrial outer membrane disruption triggered by recruitment, activation, and oligomerization of the Bcl‐2 homology protein Bax. Following oxidative stress, we demonstrated that the transcriptional regulator cyclin C is released into the cytosol where it directs mitochondrial fragmentation and efficient apoptotic induction. This study reveals that cytoplasmic cyclin C is required for both normal Bax activation and its efficient mitochondrial localization. This activity appears direct as cyclin C co‐immunoprecipitates with active Bax in stressed cells and binds recombinant Bax in vitro. In addition, stable cyclin C–Bax association requires the fission complex. Pharmacologically stimulating cyclin C nuclear release is sufficient for Bax association and their mitochondrial localization in the absence of any stress signals. However, these cells do not undergo cell death as Bax fails to oligomerize. These data support a model that cyclin C association defines an initial step in Bax mitochondrial recruitment and provides a physical connection between the fission and apoptotic factors. This strategy allows the cell to discriminate stress‐induced fission able to recruit Bax from other types of mitochondrial divisions.
    Print ISSN: 1469-221X
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-3178
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature on behalf of The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).
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  • 3
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    The influence of diabatic heating in the South Pacific Convergence Zone on Rossby wave propagation and the mean flow (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-20
    Description: The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is a northwest-southeast oriented precipitation band over the South Pacific Ocean. Latent heat release from condensation leads to substantial diabatic heating, which has potentially large impacts on local and global climate. The influence of this diabatic heating within the SPCZ is investigated using the Intermediate General Circulation Model (IGCM4). Precipitation in the SPCZ has been shown to be triggered by transient Rossby waves that originate in the Australian subtropical jet and are refracted towards the equatorial eastern Pacific. A Rossby wave triggers a SPCZ ‘convective event’, with associated diabatic heat release and vortex stretching. Consequently, the Rossby wave is dissipated in the SPCZ region. These features are simulated well in a control integration of IGCM4. In an experiment, convective heating is prescribed to its ‘climatological’ value in the SPCZ region during the Rossby wave ‘events’ and dynamic forcing from Rossby waves is decoupled from the usual thermodynamic response. In this experiment Rossby waves over the SPCZ region are not dissipated, confirming the vortex stretching mechanism from previous studies. Furthermore, the change in Rossby wave propagation has an impact on momentum transport. Overall, the effect of the Rossby wave-induced convection in the SPCZ is to decrease the strength of the Pacific subtropical jet and the equatorial eastern Pacific upper-tropospheric westerlies, by about 2–6 m s − 1 . Following these changes to the basic state, two potential feedbacks in the SPCZ and larger Pacific climate system are suggested: increased SPCZ convection due to the enhancement of negative zonal stretching deformation in the SPCZ region and decreased equatorward refraction of Rossby waves into the westerly duct leading to less SPCZ ‘events’. As the convective events in the SPCZ have a significant impact on Pacific mean climate, it is crucial that the SPCZ is represented correctly in climate models.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    LSWS linked with the low latitude Es and its implications for the growth of the R-T instability (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-03
    Description: A comprehensive investigation of spread F irregularities over Indian sector has been carried out using VHF radar and ionosonde observations. Two different categories of spread F observations, one where the onset of the range spread F (RSF) was concurrent with the peak h'F (category1), and another where the RSF onset happened ~90 minutes after the peak h'F time (category2) are presented. RSF in category2 was preceded by the presence of oblique echoes in ionograms, indicating the irregularity genesis westward of Sriharikota. The average peak h'F in category1 was ~30 km higher than that in category2 indicating the presence of standing large scale wave structure (LSWS). Occurrence of the blanketing Es during 19:30 to 20:30 IST (Indian Standard Time) in category1 (category 2) was 0% (〉50%). Model computation is also carried out to further substantiate the observational results. Model computation indicates that zonal variation of low latitude Es can generate zonal modulation in the F layer height rise. It is found that the modulation of the F layer height, linked with the low latitude Es, assists the equatorial spread F (ESF) onset by modifying both, growth rate of the collisional Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability and also its efficiency. Although, a predominant presence of low latitude Es has been observed, but the increase in the F layer height and the RT instability growth in the evening hours will maximize with complete absence of low latitude Es. A new mechanism for the generation of LSWS and its implications on RT instability is discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Analyzing aging under oscillatory strain field through the soft glassy rheology model (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-29
    Description: In this work, we solve the Soft Glassy Rheology (SGR) model under application of oscillatory deformation field with varying magnitudes of strain as well as frequency for different noise temperatures. In the glassy domain, the SGR model undergoes time evolution of elastic modulus. Increase in strain magnitude beyond the linear regime is observed to enhance the rate of aging as manifested by a faster evolution of elastic modulus with increase in strain amplitude due to overaging. However at higher strain magnitudes, the rejuvenation effect starts dominating over the aging, thereby reducing the rate at which elastic modulus evolves. We also plot the aging phase diagram describing an occurrence of the linear, the overaging, and the rejuvenation regimes as a function of strain and frequency for different noise temperatures. The aging phase diagram suggests that while the linear regime remains unaffected by the changes in frequency and noise temperature, the width of the overaging regime increases with increase in frequency and noise temperature. We also study the time evolution of the shapes of relaxation time spectra as a function of strain amplitude, which renders further insight into the overaging and the rejuvenation behavior. While the phenomenon of overaging is observed to be an inherent character of the SGR model, experimentally not all the materials demonstrate overaging. Such a discrepancy suggests that the energy well depths before and after a yielding event may not be completely uncorrelated as assumed in the SGR formalism.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7690
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 6
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    Low latitude Es capable of controlling the onset of Equatorial Spread F (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: [1]  To investigate their role on the occurrence of equatorial spread F (ESF), the Low latitude E region in the evening hours has been characterized in terms of sporadic E (E s ) activity based on ionosonde observations from Sriharikota, a low latitude station in India. While prior to the sunset, either Chapman type E layer or E s or a combination of the two was observed, after sunset, when observed, the E layer was exclusively E s . E s , however, could be either blanketing or non-blanketing type. Observations revealed that while the occurrence of ESF had a broad relationship with the type of E s , a detailed investigation suggested that (1) ESF occurred (did not occur) irrespective of E s type if the virtual height of the F layer base (h'F) was greater than ~360 km (less than ~290 km), and (2) ESF occurrence depended strongly on the type of E s if 290 km 〈 h'F 〈 360 km. Model computation shows that low latitude E s can significantly influence the growth of the RT instability for the cases corresponding to category-2, by increasing the total field line integrated Pedersen conductivity, consistent with the observations. The results presented in this paper highlight under what circumstances the low latitude E s would play a critical role in the occurrence of ESF, which can be used to understand the day-to-day variability of ESF.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Physicochemical Effects in Aging Aqueous Laponite Suspensions (2012)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In: Langmuir
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-25
    Description: Langmuir DOI: 10.1021/la302544y
    Print ISSN: 0743-7463
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5827
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 8
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    On the nature of low-latitude Es influencing the genesis of equatorial plasma bubble (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-01
    Description: [1]  The potential influence of the postsunset low-latitude sporadic E ( E s ) on the genesis of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) has been investigated using observations made with the Gadanki radar and two ionosondes, one located at the magnetic equator providing the F layer characteristics and another at magnetically low-latitude providing the E s parameters. Observations revealed that the occurrence of EPB was associated with either the disruption of E s or presence of nonblanketing-type E s or intermittently occurring blanketing E s at low-latitude. In contrast, when blanketing E s occurred for a relatively long duration in the sunset hours, EPB did not occur. Model computation clearly reveals that the growth of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability depends very much on the thickness, height, and shape of electron density profile of the E s layer. The above findings thus suggest that low-latitude E s variability plays decisive role on the day-to-day variability of EPB through the growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Simulation of low latitude ionospheric response to 2015 St. Patrick's Day super geomagnetic storm using ionosonde derived PRE vertical drifts over Indian region (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-27
    Description: In this paper, we present low latitude ionospheric response over Indian longitude to the recent super geomagnetic storm of 17 March 2015, using the SAMI2 model which incorporates ionosonde derived vertical drift impacted by prompt penetration eastward electric field occurring during the evening Prereversal Enhancement (PRE) in the vertical drift. The importance of this storm is that (a) Dst reaches as low as −228 nT and (b) prompt penetration of eastward electric field coincided with evening hours PRE. The daytime vertical EXB drifts in the SAMI2 model are, however, considered based on Scherliess-Fejer model. The simulations indicate a significant enhancement in F layer height and equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the post sunset hours on 17 March 2015 vis-a-vis quiet day. The model simulations during recovery phase, considering disturbance dynamo vertical EXB drift along with equatorward disturbance wind, indicates suppression of the daytime EIA. SAMI2 simulations considering the disturbance wind during the recovery phase suggests that equatorward wind enhances the ionospheric density in the low latitude, however, its role in the formation of the EIA depends on the polarity of the zonal electric field. Comparison of model derived total electron content (TEC) with the TEC from ground GPS receivers indicate that model does reproduce enhancement of the EIA during the main phase and suppression of the EIA during the recovery phase of the super storm. However, peculiarities pertaining to the ionospheric response to prompt penetration electric field in the Indian sector vis-a-vis earlier reports from American sector have been discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Kinetics of the glass transition of fragile soft colloidal suspensions (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-02
    Description: Microscopic relaxation time scales are estimated from the autocorrelation functions obtained by dynamic light scattering experiments for Laponite suspensions with different concentrations ( C L ), added salt concentrations ( C S ), and temperatures ( T ). It has been shown in an earlier work [D. Saha, Y. M. Joshi, and R. Bandyopadhyay, Soft Matter 10 , 3292 (2014)] that the evolutions of relaxation time scales of colloidal glasses can be compared with molecular glass formers by mapping the waiting time ( t w ) of the former with the inverse of thermodynamic temperature (1/ T ) of the latter. In this work, the fragility parameter D , which signifies the deviation from Arrhenius behavior, is obtained from fits to the time evolutions of the structural relaxation time scales. For the Laponite suspensions studied in this work, D is seen to be independent of C L and C S but is weakly dependent on T . Interestingly, the behavior of D corroborates the behavior of fragility in molecular glass formers with respect to equivalent variables. Furthermore, the stretching exponent β , which quantifies the width w of the spectrum of structural relaxation time scales, is seen to depend on t w . A hypothetical Kauzmann time t k , analogous to the Kauzmann temperature for molecular glasses, is defined as the time scale at which w diverges. Corresponding to the Vogel temperature defined for molecular glasses, a hypothetical Vogel time t α ∞ is also defined as the time at which the structural relaxation time diverges. Interestingly, a correlation is observed between t k and t α ∞ , which is remarkably similar to that known for fragile molecular glass formers. A coupling model that accounts for the t w -dependence of the stretching exponent is used to analyse and explain the observed correlation between t k and t α ∞ .
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7690
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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