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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature and metabolic rate in sedentary fish from the Antarctic, North Sea and Indo-West Pacific Ocean (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 109 (1991), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resting metabolic rate $$(\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ was measured in demersal stages of the teleostNotothenia neglecta Nybelin from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, from 1985 to 1987. The relationship between $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ and body mass (Mb) conformed to the general relationship $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } = aMb^b $$ , wherea is a proportionality constant andb is the scaling exponent. $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ (mg O2 h−1) was found to scale toMb (0.82±0.011) in the summer (November to April, 1.6 to 1 850 g,n=56) and toMb (0.76±0.013) in the winter (May to October, 0.9 to 1 850 g,n=57) (values ofb are means ± SD). Although the scaling exponents were significantly different (P〈0.01), $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ was similar in the juvenile stages of summer- and winter-caught fish matched for body mass. The effects of activity on oxygen consumption was studied using a Brett respirometer. Adult stages had a factorial aerobic scope for activity $$(\dot V_{O_{2[max]} } :\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ of 5.7, which is similar to that reported for demersal fish from temperate latitudes. The effects of temperature on resting metabolism was investigated in fish with similar sedentary lifestyles from the North Sea (Agonus cataphractus andMyoxocephalus scorpius) and the Indo-West Pacific (Paracirrhites forsteri, P. arcatus, Neocirrhites armatus andExallias brevis). Extrapolated values of $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ for the tropical species approached zero at 5 to 10°C. For a standard 50 g fish, $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ for the tropical species at 25°C was in the range 3.4 to 4.4 mg O2 h−1, compared with 1.3 mg O2 h−1 forNotothenia neglecta at its acclimation temperature. Thus, the maximum metabolic rate of sedentary tropical species at 24°C is likely to be 2 to 4 times higher than inN. neglecta at 0°C. This suggests that the energy available for sustained activity $$(\dot V_{O_{2[max]} } - \dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ is significantly lower in cold- than in warm-water fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319386
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding rates and diel vertical migration of copepods near South Georgia: comparison of shelf and oceanic sites (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 114 (1992), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seventeen Longhurst Hardy Plankton Recorder profiles were taken over a diel cycle in January 1990 to study the feeding of four major copepods over the South Georgia shelf. Ontogenetic changes in vertical migration were followed and feeding cycles determined by gut fluorometry for Calanoides acutus Stage CV, Calanus sinillimus CV and CVI♀, C. propinquus CV and Rhincalanus gigas CV and CVI♀. In common with a neighbouring oceanic site visited two weeks later and reported elsewhere, all four species had a diel cycle of feeding and migration. The vertical distributions of C. simillimus (all stages), R. gigas (nauplii) and Euphausia frigida (postlarvae) were similar at both sites, the night being spent within the chlorophyll maximum at 15 to 30 m. However, the biomass dominants, C. acutus and R. gigas, dwelt below the chlorophyll maximum, about 30 m deeper than their oceanic counterparts. Unlike the oceanic site, feeding at the shelf site was not restricted to darkness, but increased 6 to 10 h before nightfall and finished at dawn; the intervening period coincided with sinking and digestion. Daylight feeding may have been induced by the shorter night, lower light levels or greater food requirements at the shelf site, despite planktonic predators being over three times more abundant. Daily ration estimates for R. gigas at both sites were only ∼2% body carbon per day. These low values contrast with its smaller competirors, whose rations were in the range 5.6 to 27%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350855
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel vertical migration and feeding of copepods at an oceanic site near South Georgia (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 113 (1992), S. 583-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve Longhurst Hardy Plankton Recorder (LHPR) profiles were taken over a 16 h period in January 1990, in order to study feeding of four copepod species at an Antarctic oceanic site near South Georgia. Vertical distributions of their life stages, as well as those of dominant competitors and predators, are described in relation to the feeding cycles of Calanoides acutus CV, Calanus simillimus CV, Calanus propinquus CV and Rhincalanus gigas CIII, CV and CVI♀. Comparisons with vertical ring-net catches, which were used for concomitant gutevacuation experiments, demonstrated the suitability of the LHPR for these fine-scale studies. Planktonic predators, with the exception of the diel migrant Themisto gaudichaudii, resided deeper than the herbivores. During the day and around midnight, when feeding rates were low, species and stages reached their maximum vertical separation. At these times, new generation copepodites of the four species lived progressively deeper and the overwintered generation (i.e., R. gigas Stages CIV, CV, CVI) were progressively shallower. During the afternoon or evening (depending on species), all stages older than CII, as well as Euphausia frigida and T. gaudichaudii, migrated upwards, to amass in the surface mixed layer. Feeding was restricted to darkness, although R. gigas commenced several hours before dusk. In detail their migration and feeding differed widely, with combinations of unimodal and apparent bimodal cycles. As a whole, the results suggest that (1) feeding could occur during sinking as well as during upward migrations, (2) upward migrations were not always associated with feeding increases, and (3) individuals appeared to descend after filling their guts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349702
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer, and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 and glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphisms (1997)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 99 (1997), S. 319-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study the GSTμ phenotype and ADH genotype at the ADH3 locus were investigated in a group of 39 alcoholic men with upper respiratory/digestive tract cancer: 21 with oropharyngeal cancer and 18 with laryngeal cancer. The results are compared with those of a control group of 37 alcoholic men without alcohol-related medical complications. Of the control subjects, 48% were found to be GSTμ deficient [GSTμ(–)] and 19% carried the ADH3 1/ADH3 1 genotype. In the laryngeal cancer patients, a significantly elevated frequency of both the GSTμ(–) (78%) and ADH3 1/ADH3 1 genotype (56%) was observed, relative to the control group. On the basis of this result, the risk of laryngeal cancer associated with the GSTμ(–) and ADH3 1/ ADH3 1 genotypic combination within the population of alcoholics was estimated to be 12.9 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.8–92 (P 〈 0.01) relative to alcoholic individuals who have GSTμ [GSTμ(+)] and are not ADH3 1/ADH3 1. Thus, alcoholics who are GSTμ(–) and ADH3 1/ADH3 1 have at least an 80% greater risk of developing laryngeal cancer than alcoholics who are GSTμ(+) and who are not ADH3 1/ ADH3 1. In addition, the oropharyngeal cancer patients had excess frequencies of both GSTμ(–) (62%) and ADH3 1/ ADH3 1 (43%) relative to the control group, but these excess frequencies were not statistically significant. The GSTμ(–) and ADH3 1/ADH3 1 genotypic combination may be a constitutional risk factor for laryngeal cancer among alcoholics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390050365
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A single base mutation in the gene for type III collagen (COL3A1) converts glycine 847 to glutamic acid in a family with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. An unaffected family member is mosaic for the mutation (1992)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 89 (1992), S. 414-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, an inherited connective tissue disease, is usually caused by mutations in the gene for type III collagen. Here, we describe a glycine to glutamic acid substitution in a patient with this syndrome. Previous studies had shown that fibroblasts from the patient, his mother and brother secreted a reduced amount of type III collagen and also produced an overmodified form of the protein that was preferentially retained intracellularly. Peptide mapping experiments indicated that the mutation was located within cyanogen bromide peptide 9. This was supported by chemical cleavage analysis and sequencing of cDNA encoding this region. Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridisation of genomic DNA confirmed that a G to A mutation converted Gly 847 to Glu. The mutation was present in two other affected family members and also in a third, who was clinically unaffected. Further analysis of this unaffected individual revealed reduced mutant:normal ratios in DNA obtained from both blood and hair samples, showing that she was mosaic for the mutation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194313
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 27-bp deletion from one allele of the type III collagen gene (COL3A1) in a large family with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV (1992)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 88 (1992), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A large family with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV (EDS IV) has previously been described. Unlike most cases of EDS IV, fibroblasts from affected members secreted near normal amounts of type III collagen. We have localised the mutation in this family to the CB5 peptide of type III collagen, by using both protein and cDNA mapping techniques. Sequence analysis of cDNA revealed a 27-bp deletion within exon 37, a deletion that removed nine amino acids and maintained the Gly-X-Y repeat of the collagen helix. Further sequencing of genomic DNA confirmed its location, and amplification of DNA from family members showed that it was absent in unaffected individuals but present in all the affected individuals tested. This deletion is flanked by two short direct repeats of CTCC; it may have arisen by slipped mispairing, and has subsequently been transmitted to all affected family members.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197268
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative effects of Rhabdias bufonis (Nematoda) on the growth and survival of toads (Bufo bufo) (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 89 (1992), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Parasitism ; Growth ; Survival ; Bufo ; Rhabdias
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The growth and survival of juvenile toads, Bufo bufo, infected with a common lung nematode, Rhabdias bufonis, were studied. Toads were raised from tadpoles in the laboratory and infected 2 months after metamorphosis. Individual toads were exposed to doses of 10, 40, 80 or 160 larvae, which enabled examination of the hypothesis that parasite-induced mortality is affected by worm numbers. Growth of infected toads began to diverge from that of uninfected controls at 6 weeks post infection (WPI) and by 12 WPI the most heavily infected toads were approximately half the mass of controls. No controls died throughout the experiment; however, mortality of infected toads was strongly affected by parasite density. A mechanism for mortality is suggested by the significant negative relationship between parasite density and dietary intake. This parasite-induced anorexia was detected at 3 WPI and persisted up to 9 WPI. Patterns of reduced host growth, survival and dietary intake provide experimental evidence of the negative consequences of parasitic infection in a natural parasite-host system which may also be present under natural conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317213
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspects of the biology of Antarctomysis maxima (Crustacea: Mysidacea) (1984)
    Springer
    Polar biology 3 (1984), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Population structure and aspects of the reproductive biology of Antarctomysis maxima from South Georgia and the South Orkney Islands were examined. Size frequency analysis indicated that the generation time is two years at South Georgia, but may approach four years at the South Orkneys. Egg production is greater for a given size of female at South Georgia but by virtue of a larger egg, brood production in terms of ash-free dry weight is slightly greater at the South Orkneys. Young are brooded over winter at both sites and are released in spring. Females are clearly capable of breeding twice at South Georgia and it is suggested that this is also the case at the South Orkneys. These results are discussed in relation to other studies on cold water mysids and to environmental adaptations exhibited by other Antarctic marine invertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258152
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of feeding in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba (1983)
    Springer
    Polar biology 2 (1983), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The interaction between feeding activity, swarming behaviour and vertical migration in Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana, was examined by a combination of laboratory physiology studies and intensive field sampling of a patch of krill located NE of South Georgia, in April 1980. The combined use of echolocation and a series of timed net hauls from discrete depth horizons revealed a diurnal rhythm of swarming behaviour, vertical migration and gut fullness. Laboratory physiological data showed that krill will filter feed throughout the 24 h but with peak activity by night, and that filtration rate is affected by krill density. Biochemical studies in vitro indicated that rates of lipid synthesis are generally highest at the surface and by night. These results are discussed in relation to other studies of krill feeding activity and suggestions made for further research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258281
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The summer zooplankton community at South Georgia: biomass, vertical migration and grazing (1995)
    Springer
    Polar biology 15 (1995), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zooplankton abundance and biomass were determined during January 1990 at two stations to the north-west of South Georgia using a Longhurst Hardy Plankton Recorder (LHPR). At both shelf and oceanic station sites, zooplankton biomass, (excluding Euphausia superba), was found to be ca. 13 g dry mass m−2. Copepods and small euphausiids dominated the catches. These estimates are over 4 times higher than values generally reported for the Southern Ocean and may reflect firstly, the high productivity of the study area, secondly, the time of year, summer, when biomass for many species is maximal, and thirdly, the high sampling efficiency of the LHPR. Principal components analysis disclosed similarities and differences between adjacent depth strata in terms of abundance, biomass and species composition. At both stations most variability occurred in the mixed layer (0–60 m) and thermocline (60–120 m) with depth horizons below this being more homogeneous. Diel migrations were observed for most taxa with abundance increasing in the mixed layer at night. At the oceanic station, species and higher taxa belonging to the mesopelagic community were generally well spread throughout this domain and, with the exception of Pleuromamma robusta and Metridia curticauda, showed little evidence of migration. The grazing impact of the epipelagic community (copepods and small euphausiids) was estimated to remove 3–4% of the microbial standing stock day−1 and a conservative 25% and 56% of daily primary production at the oceanic and shelf stations respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239059
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