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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-05-01
    Print ISSN: 1673-565X
    Electronic ISSN: 1862-1775
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 12 (1979), S. 9-20 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On établit un cadre théorique et méthodologique qui repose sur une théorie géométrique et probabiliste dans le but de faciliter l'étude de l'hétérogénéité tant du point de vue de la localisation (ségrégation) que de celui de l'orientation (anisométrie) des structures non aléatoires. Cet article est centré sur les structures partiellement orientées dans un plan que l'on peur concevoir comme résultant de l'addition de deux substructures, l'une composée de fibres à distribution aléatoire (structure 3-D) et l'autre qui ne comprend que des fibres à disposition aléatoire par plan (structure 2-D). De la sorte, une solution simple peut être trouvée qui permette une étude complète et précise par différents procédés des caractéristiques morphologiques des distributions de fibres que l'on rencontre en pratique. Dans le cas de matériaux opaques tels que le béton de fibres, on peut soumettre des sections du matériau aussi bien que des projections obtenues par radiographie X aux méthodes visuelles d'analyse quantitative qui consistent soit dans le comptage des sections des fibres soit dans le comptage des intersections avec un réseau de lignes superposées. Étant donné que les arguments méthodologique s'opposent à l'application de la technique des sécantes dirigées à l'analyse par sections, on n'a donc élaboré que les trois autres procédures possibles. Les mesures de densité et de degré d'orientation sont ici complétées par les notions d'orientation effective et d'espacement. De même que dans la première partie de cette étude, on donne ici des formules relatives à la distance libre moyenne et à la distance moyenne à la fibre la plus proche dans des structures à deux et trois dimensions, formula que l'on peut appliquer à des fins constructives ou à une évaluation expérimentale effectuée avec l'une des trois méthodes signalées plus haut. En général, deux observations indépendantes suffisent à aboutir à une solution complète. Les techniques ont été appliquées à l'étude des hétérogénéités de fibres dues au compactage dans des cubes et des poutres de béton renforcé de fibres d'acier. Dans ce dernier cas, on a procédé aussi à l'étude des surfaces de rupture. L'interprétation des résultats, qui rèvèle des ségrégations nombreuses et un accroissement modéré de l'anisométrie dans la direction de la base des spécimens, fait l'objet d'un examen attentif. On indique les conséquences sur le plan structural que ces résultats peuvent avoir. On précise en quoi ces résultats intéressent la construction et les essais des matériaux.
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical and methodological framework, based on geometric probability theory, is developed facilitating the analysis of inhomogeneity with respect to location (segregation) and orientation (anisometry) of non-random fibre structures. This article in particular focusses on partially planar-oriented structures, that can be conceived as being originated by the addition of two sub-sets, one of which is composed of randomly distributed fibres (3-D structure), while the second one only comprises fibres that are disposed randomly in planes (2-D structure). In such a way a simple solution can be obtained providing various procedures to completely and accurately investigate the morphological features of fibre distributions met with in practical situations. For opaque materials like FRC, in principal, sections as well as projections, obtained by X-ray radiography, can be subjected to methods for quantitative image analysis based on either counting of features or counting of intersections with a superimposed system of directed secants. Since methodological arguments militate against applying the directed secants technique to section analysis, the remaining three approaches have only been elaborated. In addition to measures for density and degree of orientation, concepts for orientation efficiency and spacing are presented. Analogously to Part I of this publication, this present one comprises formulae for the mean free spacing and the average nearest neighbour distances in two and three dimensions, applicable for design puroses or for experimental evaluation with either one of the three alternative methods described. Generally, two independent observations suffice to yield a complete solution. The techniques have been applied to an investigation of compaction-induced fibre inhomogeneity in (steel) FRC cubes and beams. In the latter case also fracture surfaces have been analysed. The significance of the results, revealing the occurrence of a considerable amount of segregation and a moderate increase of the anisometry towards the bottom side of the specimens, is extensively discussed. The structural implications of such results for design and materials testing are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  Dynamic ice-flow models for 12 glaciers and ice caps have been forced with various climate change scenarios. The volume of this sample spans three orders of magnitude. Six climate scenarios were considered: from 1990 onwards linear warming rates of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 K a-1, with and without concurrent changes in precipitation. The models, calibrated against the historic record of glacier length where possible, were integrated until 2100. The differences in individual glacier responses are very large. No straightforward relationship between glacier size and fractional change of ice volume emerges for any given climate scenario. The hypsometry of individual glaciers and ice caps plays an important role in their response, thus making it difficult to generalize results. For a warming rate of 0.04 K a-1, without increase in precipitation, results indicate that few glaciers would survive until 2100. On the other hand, if the warming rate were to be limited to 0.01 K a-1 with an increase in precipitation of 10% per degree warming, we predict that overall loss would be restricted to 10 to 20% of the 1990 volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 14 (1979), S. 1141-1151 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The paper aims at connecting in a quantitative way the engineering behaviour of plain concrete subjected to uniaxial compression to the main features of microcracking. The selected structural level conceives the concrete as a two-phase material, the smallest structural dimensions of which could be measured in millimetres. It is shown that geometric probability theory provides the basis for an elegant and general framework for the quantification of microcracking, and yet the image analysis procedures described rely exclusively on simple counting operations. Crack length (in a plane) and particularly specific crack surface area in connection with the specific surface area of the grains reveals information with respect to the intensity of structural loosening in the various load stages. The minor influence of the loading level is demonstrated to be reflected also by the small degree of orientation of the cracks. A simple concept for spacing is developed. Application shows the growing order in the crack structure under increasing load. Finally, the average crack length is determined. Since the probability density of crack length in a plane was shown to be governed by a simple exponential function, the maximum crack length could be determined in an equally simple way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-04-13
    Print ISSN: 1877-2641
    Electronic ISSN: 1877-265X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1979-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1998-03-30
    Print ISSN: 0930-7575
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0894
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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