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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method for the determination of thorium and uranium in urine by ICP-MS (1997)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 126 (1997), S. 263-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: ICP-MS ; thorium ; uranium ; urine ; body-fluid ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) is shown as a very sensitive method for quantitative determination of Th and U concentration and excretion analysis in urine without any sample pretreatment. The current standard method for incorporation monitoring applies alpha-spectrometry, a very tedious and time consuming technique. ICP-MS offers an attractive alternative for monitoring of thorium and uranium body burdens in occupationally exposed subjects and also larger groups of the general population. A limit of determination of 0.5 ng/L in aqueous solutions and 1 ng/L in urine samples for both elements was achieved, with a precision of about ± 10% in the concentration range of appr. 10 ng/L. Due to the lack of a suitable reference material, the accuracy of the method was tested by comparing some of the results with those obtained by α-spectrometry, especially for U. There was a sufficient agreement on both results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242331
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IR-diode laser measurements on the decomposition of NO behind shock waves (1992)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 13 (1992), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition of NO diluted in Ar was measured in the temperature range 2,500 K ⩽ T ⩽ 3,500 K at pressures between 0.5 and 1.9 bar using the shock tube method. The gas mixtures containing 10 to 25% NO in Ar were shock heated and the time-dependent NO concentrations were monitored by using a tunable IR-diode laser. The measured NO concentration profiles in the post-shock reaction zone were interpreted by means of computer simulations. With a reaction mechanism developed by Thielen and Roth (1984) nearly complete agreement between calculated and measured NO concentration profiles was obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209501
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First observations on break-up of particle agglomerates in shock waves (1987)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 5 (1987), S. 86-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The destruction of solid agglomerates suspended in argon by means of shock waves (1 〈M s 〈 5) has been studied experimentally using a conventional shock tube apparatus. The change in particle size was measured by time-dependent in situ laser light scattering of the particle ensemble in the shock wave. The test facilities used are given in details, and the principle of the Mie-theory, necessary for complete understanding of the data reduction, is described. In this paper data reduction and first analysis employing two independent trial solutions involving the Mie-theory for polydisperse, spherical particle-ensembles are presented. Three types of agglomerates suspended in argon with a mean initial size of about 1 gm were exposed to the shock wave and different size reduction behaviours were observed. The deagglomeration effect depends largely on the wave intensity and on the physico-chemical structure of the particle aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00776178
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of O( $^1$ D) formation during thermal decomposition of CO $_2$ behind shock waves (1996)
    Springer
    Shock waves 6 (1996), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Atomic Resonance Absorption Spectroscopy (ARAS) was applied to measure the time dependent concentration of electronically excited O( $^1$ D)-atoms during the thermal decomposition of CO $_2$ behind reflected shock waves. The experiments were performed in the temperature range 4102 K $ \le $ T $ \le $ 6375 K at pressures 0.2 to 1.9 bar with initial gas mixtures of 100 to 1000 ppm CO $_2$ diluted in Ar. The measured O( $^1$ D)-formation rate at early reaction times divided by the initial reactant concentrations was found to obey the Arrhenius law: \beo &&\frac{d[{\rm O(^1D)}]/dt}{{\rm [CO_2]_0 \, [Ar]}} \Biggr|_{t \approx 0} \\ &&\quad = 1.23 \times 10^{14} \exp \left( -74810 {\rm K}/T \right){\rm cm^{3} mol^{-1} s^{-1}} \eeo The assumption of a fast thermalisation between the O( $^3$ P) and O( $^1$ D) states is in agreement with previous measurements of the O( $^3$ P) formation during the thermal decomposition of CO $_2$ , see Burmeister and Roth (1990).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001930050023
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of biokinetic parameters for ingestion of radionuclides of zirconium in animals using stable tracers (2000)
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 39 (2000), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Biokinetics ; Internal dose ; Intestinal absorption ; Stable tracers ; Zirconium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  Exposure to the radioactive isotope 95Zr, as in nuclear accidents, and to stable zirconium, due to its use in industry, has increased the interest in the biokinetics of this element. Information has been derived mainly from tests performed on animals by means of radioactive tracers. Due to the fact that extrapolation from animals to humans is always open to question, there is an increasing need of a methodology which allows data to be obtained directly from humans. The use of stable tracers, being ethically justifiable, is a powerful tool for providing this information. As two tracers of the same element must be utilized in order to evaluate gut absorption, an analytical technique which is capable of distinguishing and measuring simultaneously different isotopes of zirconium in biological samples is required. Preliminary tests on laboratory animals were performed in order to assess the feasibility of the double tracer technique combined with proton activation analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007687
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical modelling of detonation structure in two–phase flows (1996)
    Springer
    Shock waves 6 (1996), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Key words:Detonation, Heterogeneous flows, Particle oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A one-dimensional physical model and a numerical method for the simulation of heterogeneous detonation were proposed based on an Eulerian approach for heterogeneous flows. The combination of modern shock-capturing schemes in combination with a dynamically moving, adaptive grid ensure the properresolution of both reaction zones and flow discontinuities. Numerical examples illustrate the effect of the heat release due to heterogeneous combustion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001930050015
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stoßwellen in Gas-Partikel-Gemischen mit Massenaustausch zwischen den Phasen (1985)
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 19 (1985), S. 101-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nichtgleichgewichts-Austauschprozesse, die in einem Gas-Partikel-Gemisch hinter einer Stoßwelle ablaufen, werden in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Sie werden sowohl mit den Erhaltungsgleichungen für zwei interaktive Kontinua als auch mit den vereinfachten Gleichungen für Einzelpartikel in einem Gaskontinuum beschrieben. Der besondere Akzent liegt auf den Transportvorgängen sehr kleiner Partikel, die im Übergangsbereich zwischen Kontinuumsbedingungen und freier Molekülströmung stattfinden. Sie werden durch einfache Knudsenzahlansätze berücksichtigt. Beispiele zeigen die Geschwindigkeits-, Temperatur- und Partikelgrößenrelaxation hinter Stoß-wellen in Argon mit DOP-Tröpfchen und mit festen NaCl-Salzpartikeln.
    Notes: Abstract The nonequilibrium transfer processes, which take place in a gas-particle mixture behind shock waves, are investigated in this study. They will be described both by the conservation equations of two interactiv continua and by the simplified equations of a single particle in a gas continuum. The special accent is on exchange processes of very small particles, which take place in the transition regime between continuum and free molecular conditions. They are taken into account by simple Knudsen number corrections. Examples show the velocity, the temperature and the particle size relaxation behind shock waves in argon containing DOP droplets or solid NaCl particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01682553
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced airborne radioactivity during a pine pollen release episode (1999)
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 38 (1999), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  A single episode of pine pollen release in the highly contaminated area of Novozybkov, Russian Federation, which led to enhanced atmospheric concentrations of 137Cs is discussed. The pollen grains were sampled by a rotating arm impactor and analysed by gamma-spectrometry for 137Cs activity and by image analysis for their size. In the vicinity of a forest, a maximum concentration of 4.5±0.4 mBq m–3 was measured, and a mean activity per pollen grain of 260±80 nBq was determined. The emission rate of the Novozybkov mixed pine forest was estimated to be approximately 400 Bq m–2 per year. Because of the large size of pine pollen grains (about 50 µm) and the short emission period of 5–8 days per year, the estimated potential annual inhalation doses are very low. Biological emissions including pollen release may be a source of increased airborne radionuclide concentrations at larger distances from the source areas as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004110050150
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A shock tube study on the thermal decomposition of CS2 based on S(3P) and S(1D) concentration measurements (1994)
    Springer
    Shock waves 4 (1994), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: ARAS ; Chemical shock tube ; Thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition of CS2 highly diluted in Ar was studied behind reflected shock waves by monitoring time-dependent absorption profiles of S(3P) and S(1D) using atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS). The rate coefficient of the reaction: (R1) $$\begin{gathered} CS_2 + M\mathop \to \limits^{k_1 } CS + S + M, \hfill \\ k_1 = 5.1 \times 10^{14} \exp \left( {\frac{{ - 38150K}}{T}} \right)cm^3 mol^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ . was determined in experiments with initial concentrations of CS2 between 5 and 50 ppm at post-shock conditions of 2300 K≤T≤3360 K and total densities between 2.2×1018 cm−3 and 3.9×1018 cm−3. In experiments with higher initial concentrations of 100 ppm CS2 in Ar, the S(3P) concentrations were found to reach quasi-stationary values. From the steady state assumption a value for the rate coefficient of the most probable S consuming reaction: (R2) $$\begin{gathered} CS_2 + S\mathop \rightleftharpoons \limits^{k_2 } CS + S_2 , \hfill \\ k_2 \approx 1.2 \times 10^{13} cm^3 mol^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ . was estimated at temperatures between 2100 K and 2340 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418572
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles from Doped Low-pressure H2/O2/Ar Flames (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of nanoparticle research 1 (1999), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-896X
    Keywords: Fe2O3 ; nanoparticles ; low-pressure flame ; Fe(CO)5 ; flame synthesis approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A burner stabilized premixed low-pressure flame has been used to generate iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles with sizes in the range 7–20 nm. The H2/O2/Ar flames were doped with different amounts of iron-pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) with concentrations in the range 524–2096 ppm. The influence of precursor concentration on composition, structure, morphology, and size have been studied utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), measurements of the specific surface area (BET), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The product particles consist of both, the γ- and the α-phase of Fe2O3. Average particle sizes were measured in the range 7.4–16 nm depending on precursor concentration and flame conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010056617437
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