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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meiofauna and the thiobios in the east flower garden brine seep (1983)
    Springer
    Marine biology 73 (1983), S. 269-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Special hydrodynamic-chemical conditions at the East Flower Garden brine seep have provided the opportunity to examine the community structure of the thiobios and the oxybiotic-thiobiotic boundary. The boundary between the thiobios, whose population maxima occur in sulfidedependent chemoclines and which presumably have an ecologic requirement for sulfide, and the oxybios, which occur in oxidized zones above the chemocline, is controlled by sulfide, not oxygen. The boundary, which may not be at zero sulfide, is determined by a time-concentration phenomenon based on a dynamic interplay of sulfide and oxygen supply rates and the biota's sulfide detoxification capabilities. In Gollum's Canyon, where oxygen is plentiful, the boundary is at 10–40 μg-atoms·l-1 sulfide. Total abundances of organisms at thiobiotic stations were comparable to total abundances at oxybiotic stations. Highest thiobiotic abundance was 202 051 organisms per m2; highest oxybiotic abundance was 240 572 organisms per m2. The thiobios is dominated by representatives of the lower Bilateria (viz. Gnathostomulida, Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes). These groups accounted for 50–80% of all the organisms present in the thiobiotic stations but less than 20% of all organisms in the oxybiotic stations. At two thiobiotic stations, over 50% of all organisms were gnathostomulids. Thiobios included macrofaunal as well as meiofaunal components. Peak abundances of amphipods were associated with the thiobiotic environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392253
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of turbidity on calcification rate, protein concentration and the free amino acid pool of the coral Acropora cervicornis (1985)
    Springer
    Marine biology 87 (1985), S. 33-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Calcification rate in the coral Acropora cervicornis was reduced significantly when exposed for 24 h to 100-ppm kaolin, but was unchanged in corals exposed to 50-ppm kaolin. Calcification rate returned to control levels during a 48-h recovery period. Most free amino acids (FAA) in the FAA pool decreased significantly in corals exposed to 100-ppm kaolin, but were unchanged in corals exposed to 50-ppm kaolin. After a 48-h recovery period, the FAA pool remained considerably below control levels in the 100-ppm exposed corals and dropped below control levels in the 50-ppm exposed corals. Calcification rate dropped less and later during the exposure period in the growing tip than in sections further down the stalk. The reduction in FAA pool size was considerably larger in the growing tip than further down the stalk. Soluble protein concentration remained unchanged during both exposure and recovery. The data are consistent with the interpretation that turbidity not only causes a decrease in photosynthetic rate and the synthesis of small molecules, but also causes a large increase in the utilization of stored organic molecules for such metabolically costly processes as mucus production and sediment removal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397003
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why did ancient chemosynthetic seep and vent assemblages occur in shallower water than they do today? (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 377-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Cold seep ; Petroleum seep ; Continental shelf distribution ; Continental slope ; Hydrothermal vent ; Chemosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Cold-seep communities have relatively low diversity, are dominated by one or two taxa present in high density and high biomass in comparison with the surrounding fauna, and are restricted to aphotic habitats. Their associated heterotrophic fauna are usually distinctive from the fauna of their surroundings. In contrast, a more commonplace chemoautotrophically based community occurs in shallow photic habitats. The associated heterotrophic fauna includes many of the species typical of the surrounding communities and typically dominates abundance, whereas the species with chemoautotrophic symbionts dominate biomass. All modern seep assemblages are deeper than 550 m. Many fossil seep assemblages occurred in water as shallow as the mid-shelf (〈200 m). In contrast, communities where species with chemoautotrophic symbionts are biomass dominants, but not numerical dominants, are common in shallow waters at present but rarely reported in the geological record. We suggest that the absence of cold-seep communities on the continental shelf presently is due to a combination of predation and competitive exclusion by primary consumers limiting the presence of species dependent on chemoautotrophic symbionts. We suggest that cold-seep assemblages are more common at shelf depths in the fossil record for two reasons: (a) The biases of preservation have accentuated their distribution by transforming communities where species with chemoautotrophic symbionts dominate by biomass, but not numerically, into cold-seep-appearing assemblages. (b) The importance of predation pressure and oligotrophy has varied, with decreased predation pressure accompanying increased oligotrophy favoring cold-seep communities. We suggest that the paucity of shallow-water assemblages with species harboring chemoautotrophic symbionts as biomass dominants in the fossil record is based on the reliance of paleoecological analysis on numerical abundance data when energy flow analyses are required to identify these assemblages. The distinctiveness of the fossil seep assemblage is intensified by taphonomic processes that bias the assemblage against small individuals and epifaunal species, so that diversity declines, the small heterotrophic component of the assemblage is significantly reduced, and the epifaunal component is minimized. The final assemblage is usually dominated by the better-preserved large infaunal clams which perchance are also the species with chemoautotrophic symbionts. In contrast, preservation does not enhance the distinctiveness of these chemoautotroph-harboring species in shallow water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050273
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of monitoring metabolic recovery in the coral Acropora cervicornis after short-term exposure to drilling muds: Calcification rate and protein concentration (1984)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 2 (1984), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The effect of used drilling muds on coral health was examined by monitoring changes in calcification rate and soluble tissue protein concentration in the coral Acropora cervicornis. Exposure to 25 ppm (v/v) of one mud for 24 h reduced calcification rate in the growing tips by as much as 62%. In recovery experiments, corals were exposed to drilling muds for 24 h; some of them were allowed to recover in clean seawater for 48 h. After the 24-hour exposure, calcification rates were significantly less than those of the controls. After a 48-hour recovery period, calcification rates returned to control levels for one mud but were still significantly below control levels for another. The results indicate that the capacity for recovery after exposure cannot be predicted from the results of experiments on exposure only. Recovery capacity must be independently verified for all studies on the effects of short-term exposure to drilling muds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263575
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movement of oxybiotic and thiobiotic meiofauna in response to changes in pore-water oxygen and sulfide gradients around macro-infaunal tubes (1988)
    Springer
    Marine biology 98 (1988), S. 395-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in vertical and horizontal microscale gradients of oxygen and sulfide on meiofaunal distributions were examined in laboratory microcosms. Specifically, the effect of tube abandonment and reestablishment by macro-infauna on the distribution of subsurface turbellarians, gnathostomulids and gastrotrichs was studied. Meiofauna responded rapidly (within 6 h) to changing sediment chemistry, consistently trying to reoccupy optimal habitat. Every subsurface taxon had a preferred suboptimal habitat which it occupied primarily during transit from deteriorating to newly established optimal habitat. Only during this time did the distribution of ecologically similar taxa overlap substantially. Changes in oxygen and sulfide gradients could explain most but not all of the response; food availability might also be important. Oxybios consistently chose oxic suboptimal microhabitat. Thus behaviorally, as well as biochemically and ecologically, thiobios represent a distinct group among the meiofauna.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391116
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of eight outer continental shelf drilling muds on the calcification rate and free amino acid pool of the coralAcropora cervicornis (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 33 (1984), S. 362-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01625556
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery by the coralAcropora cervicornis after drilling mud exposure. The free amino acid pool (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 13 (1984), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Corals were exposed to drilling mud for 24 hr and then allowed to recover for 48 hr in clean seawater. Depending on the concentration and the mud used, exposure produced either an increase or decrease in free amino acid (FAA) pool size. Aspartate was affected to a greater degree than other amino acids. No clear instance of recovery could be ascertained after 48 hr in clean seawater. In several cases, corals, apparently unaffected by a 24 hr exposure, nevertheless suffered significant changes in the FAA pool during the 48 hr recovery period. Thus, the degree of toxicity of the drilling mud could not be accurately predicted from the 24 hr exposure data. In many cases, the choice of a normalizing parameter determined whether two sets of data were significantly different or not. Accurate effects assessment depends on a comparison of several methods of normalization to confirm statistical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055883
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalase in sulfide- and methane-dependent macrofauna from petroleum seeps (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 198-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Catalase ; sulfide ; methane ; oxygen ; petroleum seep ; bivalve ; vestimentiferan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vesicomyid and lucinid clams and tubeworms from Gulf of Mexico petroleum seeps, all of which bear symbiotic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, have much lower catalase activities than shallow-water species lacking symbionts. A petroleum seep mussel bearing methane-oxidizing bacteria is unusual in having catalase activities as high as shallow-water bivalves. Unlike sulfide-dependent meiofauna from shallow-water marine sands, catalase from all petroleum seep species was inhibited by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954876
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of sulfide and an increased food supply on the meiofauna and macrofauna at the East Flower Garden brine seep (1986)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 40 (1986), S. 57-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sulfurous brine seep at the East Flower Garden Bank, northwest Gulf of Mexico, produces conditions conducive to the growth of a luxuriant prokaryotic biota. Hydrodynamic cropping continually harvests this biota and distributes it to sandy-bottom and hard-bank benthic communities downstream of the seep. Consequently, both macro- and meiofaunal abundances are dramatically increased above the regional norm in parts of the seep system. When sulfide is present, the lower Bilaterian groups belonging to the meiofauna dominate the community; without sulfide, macrofaunal groups, particularly crustaceans, dominate the community. Outside the influence of the seep, meiofaunal copepods predominate. Changes in taxonomic composition and abundance indicate that the sandy-bottom benthos at 70–80 m depth at the East Flower Garden bank is foodlimited and that, under these conditions, meiofauna, particularly the higher Bilaterian groups, dominate the community numerically. Perhaps, under food-limiting conditions, meiofauna compete favorably with macrofauna for food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01987289
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and temporal distributions of contaminant body burden and disease in Gulf of Mexico oyster populations: The role of local and large-scale climatic controls (1992)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 46 (1992), S. 201-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of NOAA's Status and Trends Program, oysters were sampled from 43 sites throughout the Gulf of Mexico from Brownsville, Texas, to the Florida Everglades from 1986 to 1989. Oysters were analysed for body burden of a suite of metals and petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the prevalence and intensity of the oyster pathogen,Perkinsus marinus, and condition index. The contaminants fell into two groups based on the spatial distribution of body burden throughout the Gulf. Arsenic, selenium, mercury and cadmium were characterized by clinal reduction in similarity with distance reminiscent of that followed by mean monthly temperature and precipitation. Zinc, copper, PAHs and silver showed no consistent geographic trend. Within local regions, industrial and agricultural and use andP. marinus prevalence and infection intensity frequently correlated with body burden. Contaminants and biological attributes followed one of three temporal trends. Zinc, copper and PAHs showed concordant shifts over 4 years throughout the eastern and southern Gulf. Mercury and cadmium showed concordant shifts in the northwestern Gulf. Selenium, arsenic, length, condition index andP. marinus prevalence and infection intensity showed concordant shifts throughout most of the entire Gulf. Concordant shifts suggest that climatic factors, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation being one example, exert a strong influence on biological attributes and contaminant body burdens in the Gulf. Correlative factors are those that probably affect or indicate the rate of tissue turnover and the frequency of reproduction; namely, temperature, disease intensity, condition index and length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02366055
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