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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 6 (1987), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; fiber optics ; lasers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An innovative approach to nondestructive evaluation (NDE) using noncontacting optical sensors has demonstrated. In this effort a single mode optical fiber interferometer (OFI) was used to sense the presence and form of Rayleigh waves traveling along the surface of a steel test bar at a velocity of nearly 3mm/µs. Acousto-optic time-domain data was successfully used to detect the presence and locate the position of a test “flaw” (a machined slot) in the bar, and spectrum analysis was used to estimate its geometry and size. This approach has many potential applications in the ultrasonic evaluation of real flaws in structures with complex geometries. Coupled with the authors' earlier work demonstrating the feasibility of generating acoustic waves in metals using laser light pulses transmitted through the fiber optic probes, this latest achievement points to the development of a fully noncontacting, fiber optic based thermal-acousto-photonic (TAP) NDE system, with potential applications to the reliability testing of many important structures where composition, scale, geometry, or restricted access preclude the use of conventional NDE techniques.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 6 (1987), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; fiber optics ; lasers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes experiments designed to generate acoustic waves by using a laser pulse, transmitted through fiber optics, to thermally shock the surface of a steel specimen. The purpose of this effort was to explore the noncontacting generation of Rayleigh surface waves appropriate to the interrogation of structures for the detection of subcritical defects, with the ultimate goal of developing an efficient laser-based nondestructive evaluation technique utilizing flexible fiber optics.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The minor branch of the tritocerebral commissure of the locust,Locusta migratoria, contains only two axons which are from interneurons in the brain descending to the ventral cord ganglia. The smaller of these two neurons, the tritocerebral commissure dwarf (TCD), is immunoreactive to GABA, suggesting that it may be an inhibitory interneuron. We have exploited the accessibility of its axon in the commissure, first, to fill it with cobalt to define its morphology, and second, to record its input characteristics. It has a cell body and arborization of fine branches in the deutocerebrum of the brain, its axon passes contralateral through the tritocerebral commissure and it forms bilateral arborizations in the suboesophageal and three thoracic ganglia. It receives mechanosensory input from many regions of the ipsilateral body and head, and it is sensitive to illumination levels, generally showing greater spontaneous activity in the dark. It is one of the largest GABA-immunoreactive descending interneurons in the locust, suggesting it plays a prominent role in behaviour. Since it is easily accessible for physiological recording, its roles in circuits for particular components of behaviour should be amenable to investigation.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer früheren Arbeit [1] haben wir darauf hingewiesen, daß unter den Kernbruchstücken, welche die kosmische Strahlung beim Durchgang durch die Atmosphäre hinterläßt, sich auch radioaktive Kerne des Berylliumisotopes Be10 befinden müssen, und daß dieses Isotop, wegen seiner langen Halbwertszeit von 2,7 Millionen Jahren, falls es sich auf dem tiefen Meeresgrund anlagert, sich gut dazu eignen sollte, die Geschwindigkeit des Sedimentationsprozesses, sowie den Zeitverlauf der kosmischen Strahlungsintensität während der letzten paar Millionen Jahren, zu bestimmen. Da es gelungen ist, Be10 in ungefähr der vorher gesagten Menge in Sedimenten aus dem östlichen Pazifischen Ozean nachzuweisen [2], [3], scheint es zweckmäßig, die Nützlichkeit dieses Isotopes für geologische Altersbestimmungen gründlicher zu untersuchen. Der jährliche Niederschlag von Be10 in der Jetztzeit wurde auf Grund des im Regen vorhandenen Be7 [4], [5], [6] und anderer kürzlich entdeckter kurzlebiger Isotope [7], [8], [9] berechnet. Der so berechnete Wert von 2,35 · 106 B10-Kernen pro cm2 pro Jahr stimmt innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen gut mit der aus den Meßergebnissen abgeleiteten heutigen Niederschlagsmenge überein. Die vorliegenden Meßresultate sind noch nicht sehr genau; immerhin lassen sie, unter glaubhaften, jedoch noch nicht voll bewiesenen Voraussetzungen, gewisse Schlüsse zu: Die Ablagerungsgeschwindigkeit an der von uns gemessenen Stelle des Meeresbodens liegt zwischen 3,9 und 7,5 mm pro 1000 Jahren, d.h. sie ist etwa doppelt so groß als die meisten vorliegenden Schätzungen, ist jedoch mit anderen experimentell ermittelten Tatsachen keineswegs in Widerspruch. Das Alter der tiefsten von uns untersuchten Schicht liegt zwischen 1,67 und 3,2 Millionen Jahren. Wenn man den größeren Wert benutzt, ergibt sich, daß die kosmische Strahlung damals etwa um 10% kleiner war als heute. Wenn man den niedrigeren Wert einsetzt, ergibt sich eine kosmische Strahlungsintensität, die damals ungefähr um 50% größer war als heute. Der wahrscheinlichste Wert entspricht einem Alter der tiefsten Schicht von 2,5 Millionen Jahren und einer Strahlungsintensität, die um weniger als 5% von der heutigen abweicht. Die hier abgeleiteten Resultate können zunächst nur als provisorisch angesehen werden, da einige Annahmen gemacht wurden, die noch der Bestätigung durch zahlreiche und genauere Messungen bedürfen.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 84 (1982), S. 3-33 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the Cosmic Ray Isotope instrument launched aboard the HEAO-3 satellite on September 20, 1979. The primary purpose of the experiment is to measure the isotopic composition of cosmic ray nuclei from Be-7 to Fe-58 over the energy range 0.5 to 7 GeV/nucleon. In addition charge spectra will be measured between beryllium and tin over the energy range 0.5 to 25 GeV/nucleon. The charge and isotope abundances measured by the experiment provide essential information needed to further our understanding of the origin and propagation of high energy cosmic rays. The instrument consists of 5 Cerenkov counters, a 4 element neon flash tube hodoscope and a time-of-flight system. The determination of charge and energy for each particle is based on the multiple Cerenkov technique and the mass determination will be based upon a statistical analysis of particle trajectories in the geomagnetic field.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 48 (1977), S. 21-46 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple model of cosmic ray propagation is proposed from which the major experimental results can be derived: The model reproduces the observed nuclear abundances and accounts for the observed changes of nuclear composition with energy, the high degree of isotropy of cosmic ray flux at all energies, and the high degree of its constancy throughout the history of the Solar System. It is consistent with the observed size distribution of extensive airshowers, the intensity and energy distribution of the electron component, and the diffuse emission of γ-rays and radio waves. The model is characterized by the two basic assumptions: (1) that cosmic rays have been injected at an unchanging rate by sources located in the galactic spiral arms and (2) that a large-scale magnetic field retains all particles in our galaxy, where they interact with interstellar gas, so that all complex nuclei are finally fragmented and their energy dissipated in meson production and electro-magnetic interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Policy sciences 14 (1982), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper suggests that the policy model assumed by most writers on policy analysis neglects the implications of the fact that most “new” policies in contemporary Western political systems are in fact replacing old policies, and that this is increasingly likely to be the case. Similarly, the recent interest in “policy termination” is partly misplaced since it fails to follow through adequately the implications of the fact that most policy terminations lead to policy succession. Accordingly, there is a need to study and analyse the processes involved in policy succession. This paper places policy succession in the context of policy change, sketches a model which describes the distinctive features of the policy succession process, outlines the various kinds of policy succession which occur, and draws out some implications for policy makers resulting from the increasing importance of policy succession.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 11 (1995), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: adhesion ; alkylation ; basement membrane ; keratinocyte ; sulfur mustard ; vesication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bis-2-chloroethyl sulfide (sulfur mustard, HD) is a bifunctional alkylating agent which causes severe vesication characterized by slow wound healing. Our previous studies have shown that the vesicant HD disrupts the epidermal-dermal junction at the lamina lucida of the basement membrane. The purpose of this study was to examine whether HD directly modifies basement membrane components (BMCs), and to evaluate the effect of HD on the cell adhesive activity of BMCs. EHS laminin was incubated with [14C]HD, and extracted by gel filtration. Analysis of the [14C]HD-conjugated laminin fraction by a reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylaminde gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed the incorporation of radioactivity into both laminin subunits and a laminin trimer resistant to dissociation in reduced SDS-PAGE sample buffer, suggesting direct alkylation and cross-linking of EHS laminin by [14C]HD. Normal human foreskin epidermal keratinocytes were biosynthetically labeled with [35S]cysteine.35S-labeled laminin isoforms, Ae. B1e. B2e. laminin and K.B1e.B2e. laminin (using the nomenclature of Engel), fibronectin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan were isolated by immunoprecipitation from the cell culture medium, treated with HD or ethanol as control, and then analyzed by SDS-PAGE. On reduced SDS gels, these three BMCs not treated with HD showed the typical profile of dissociated subunits. However, HD treatment caused the appearance of higher molecular weight bands indicative of cross-linking of subunits within these BMCs. The HD scavengers sodium thiosulfate and cysteine prevented the cross-linking of BMC subunits by HD. Finally, Tissue culture dishes coated with laminin or fibronectin were treated with HD or ethanol as a control, and human keratinocytes were plated on the BMC-coated surfaces. After 20 h of incubation, it was observed that cell adhesion was decreased significantly on the BMC-coated surfaces treated with HD. As expected, the preincubation of HD with cysteine diminished the HD inhibition of cell adhesion. Thus, HD alkylates adhesive macromolecules of the basement membrane zone and inhibits their cell adhesive activity. These findings support the hypothesis that the alkylation of basement membrane components by HD destabilizes the epidermal-dermal junction in the process of HD-induced vesication. The failure of the HD-alkylated BMCs to support the attachment of keratinocytes might also contribute to the slow reepithelialization of the wound site which is characteristic of HD-induced blistering.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 25 (1992), S. 381-399 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of child care regulations in Germany, Sweden, and the United States reveals distinctive national policy styles. A ‘social constructionist’ perspective, with its emphasis on variable problem definitions, helps to explain such differences. However, a full understanding of regulatory differences requires attention to regulatory solutions as well. By disaggregating the concept of regulation, we are able to demonstrate rather different rank-orderings of our three countries in their regulatory solutions. We attribute these differences to cultural, institutional, and political characteristics of the three countries.
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