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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The domain structure of a transitional anorthite; a study by direct lattice-resolution electron microscopy (1973)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 41 (1973), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Direct resolution of lattice planes corresponding to a-, b- and c-reflections in a transitional anorthite has shown that the material consists of domains of body-centered anorthite (I-An) and primitive anorthite (P-An) in approximately equal proportions. The domains of P-An appear lenticular in shape. Their thickness and orientation readily account for the observed streaking of the c- and d-reflections. Adjacent domains of P-An (separated by a domain of I-An) are observed to be either in register or in antiphase relation, the fault vector being the body-centering vector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377651
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A transmission electron microscope study of naturally deformed orthopyroxene (1976)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 57 (1976), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed for the production of clinopyroxene lamellae in orthopyroxene by a dislocation mechanism based on simple shear. Four possible shears are described. Two shears apply to each subcell of orthopyroxene, one with ψ=13.3° in one sense, the other with ψ=18.3° in the opposite sense.The senses of shears of the same magnitude in adjacent cells are also opposite. All shears produce the same structure, but in two discrete orientations which can be distinguished from electron diffraction patterns. However, the operative shear cannot be uniquely determined from the diffraction patterns alone. The characteristics of the diffraction contrast fringes and associated partial dislocations observed by transmission electron microscopy in a naturally deformed orthopyroxene are shown to be consistent with the proposed model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405223
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dislocation structure of the deformation lamellae in synthetic quartz; a study by electron and optical microscopy (1970)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 29 (1970), S. 104-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of experimentally deformed synthetic quartz showing optical deformation lamellae were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Dislocations are distributed fairly uniformly throughout the crystal. However, parallel to the trace of the deformation lamellae, which may be irrational, there are walls of tangled dislocations whose characteristics suggest that they are directly associated with the lamellae. The nature and formation of the optical image is discussed in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392018
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dislocations associated with optical features in naturally-deformed olivine (1971)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 30 (1971), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Transmission electron microscopy has been used for the direct observation of dislocations in naturally-deformed olivine. The dislocations are arranged in arrays forming low-angle sub-boundaries which have been identified with features observed in the optical microscope. Comparison of this dislocation substructure with that observed in olivine, and in metals, experimentally deformed under various conditions, suggests that the deformation in nature has occurred by creep. Possible mechanisms of creep, involving the cooperative glide and climb of dislocations, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373368
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission electron microscope study of the domain structures associated with the b-, c-, d-, e- and f-reflections in plagioclase feldspars (1974)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 44 (1974), S. 237-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ten specimens of plagioclase feldspars (An100 to An25) have been examined by transmission electron microscopy using dark field and direct lattice imaging. The specimens are classified into two groups: (i) those that have been quenched from the melt (synthetic An100, An95, An66 and An50) and (ii) those that have been cooled relatively slowly (An94, An77, An75, An52, An32 and An26). The observed contrast is interpreted in detail using the two-beam dynamical theory of electron diffraction contrast. The fault vectors of the antiphase boundaries (APBs) observed in An100 and An77 are determined. Direct resolution of the sublattice and superlattice in specimens of intermediate composition (An75 to An25) indicates that the superlattice is not a regular array of out-of-step faults and is probably due to a simple sinusoidal distortion of the structure. Only three specimens (An100, An77 and An50) exhibited a single structural type. All the remaining specimens consisted of intergrowths of two structural types. The structural type present in any particular specimen depends upon its An-content and thermal history. The rate of transformation from any structural type to a lower-temperature structural type appears to decrease with decreasing An-content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413169
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional lattice images of stacking disorder in wollastonite (1976)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 55 (1976), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two-dimensional lattice images of low-temperature triclinic wollastonite (α-CaSiO3) indicate that two types of stacking disorder occur: (1) simple stacking faults and (2) twinning which also involves displacement in the composition plane. Both types of defect produce very similar structures with monoclinic symmetry (parawollastonite). Dislocations are involved at the termination of lamellae of parawollastonite in a triclinic matrix and a model for the dislocation core is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371340
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coarsening kinetics of the exsolution microstructure in alkali feldspar (1974)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 48 (1974), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A maximum microline-low albite of 33 mole percent Or was prepared by alkali ion exchange at 1000° C and subsequently annealed in air at lower temperatures. The exsolution microstructure produced in these samples was studied by transmission electron microscopy. At or above 600° C the compositional difference of the coherent lamellae increases rapidly and reaches a maximum, corresponding to the coherent solvus, within a few days. The lamellar spacing (λ) increases more slowly and the coarsening rate is given by λ=λ0+kt 1/3; where t is annealing time, k is a constant for a given temperature, and λ0 is the lamellar spacing obtained by extrapolation to zero annealing time. λ0 is 65 Å at 600° C and ca. 200 Å at 700° C. The latter is near the maximum temperature at which exsolution is observed. The nonzero value of λ0 and its increase with increasing temperature is evidence that the exsolution occurs by a spinodal mechanism. Data for the coarsening kinetics at other temperatures should be useful for estimating the thermal history of cryptoperthites with coherent lamellae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399109
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stacking disorder in wollastonite and its relationship to twinning and the structure of parawollastonite (1977)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 61 (1977), S. 11-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown that a unit cell of parawollastonite in a matrix of triclinic wollastonite may be generated by (1) a single stacking fault and (2) by twinning. A wide domain of parawollastite may be produced by stacking faults in every second triclinic unit cell, whereas a twin lamella may be produced by faults in every adjacent triclinic unit cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375942
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The microstructures of microcline from some granitic rocks and pegmatites (1982)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 80 (1982), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction have been used to study the microstructures in a series of microclines from granitic rocks and pegmatites. Optical microscopy revealed exsolution of albite in all but one specimen and, in general, the K-phase exhibited cross-hatched patterns. The TEM and optical observations confirm earlier ideas that the cross-hatching is associated with intersecting sets of albite and pericline twin lamellae which were formed at the transformation from monoclinic to triclinic symmetry. However, significant changes subsequently occur which produce microstructures involving essentially albite twinning only, although the cross-hatched morphology is retained and features associated with the original pericline twins are observed in the TEM images and in the associated diffraction patterns. The four-spot diffraction patterns characteristic of M-twinning are observed only from volumes of specimen containing discrete domains of albite twinning and domains of pericline twinning. Streaking of the diffraction spots is associated with the complex structure of the domain boundaries. The influence of exsolution of albite on the initiation of the transformation twinning has also been investigated. Domains of orthoclase within a matrix of twinned microcline were observed in two specimens but the observations do not appear to provide any direct information about the mechanism of the transformation between these two structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371351
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The uptake and solubility of water in quartz at elevated pressure and temperature (1989)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 16 (1989), S. 334-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of water in quartz at 1.5 GPa total pressure, 1173 K and high water fugacity, over times up to 24 h, has been investigated using a newly developed assembly to prevent microcracking. It is found that the uptake is small, and below the detectability of the presently used technique of infrared spectroscopy and serial sectioning. This observation reflects either a low value for the diffusivity or the solubility or a combination of both, and is in agreement with the observations of Kronenberg et al. (1986) and Rovetta et al. (1986). It brings into question the interpretation of the early experiments on water weakening by Griggs and Blacic (1964) and the recent estimates of the solubility and diffusivity by Mackwell and Paterson (1985). Rults of a combined T.E.M., light-scattering and infrared-spectroscopy investigation of ‘wet’ synthetic quartz before and after heating at 0.1, 300 and 1500 MPa total pressure and 1173 K, strongly suggest that the water in ‘wet’ quartz is mainly in the form of H2O in inclusions, consistent with the solubility being low, possibly less than 100 H/106Si. From these observations, water-containing inclusions appear to play a major role in the plasticity of quartz, while any role of water in solid solution remains to be clarified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199553
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