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  • Springer  (175)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (26)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combining consecutive short arcs into long arcs for precise and efficient GPS Orbit Determination (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 70 (1996), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The final products of the CODE Analysis Center (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) of the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) stem from overlapping 3-days-arcs. Until 31 December, 1994 these long arcs were computed from scratch, i.e. by processing three days of observations of about 40 stations (by mid 1995 about 60 stations were used) of the IGS Global Network in our parameter estimation program GPSEST. Because one-day-arcs have to be produced first (for the purpose of error detection etc.) the actual procedure was rather time-consuming. In the present article we develop the mathematical tools necessary to form arcs based on the normal equation systems of consecutive short arcs (one-day-solutions in the case of CODE). The procedure in its simplest version is as follows: • Each short arc is described by six initial conditions and a number of dynamical orbit parameters (e.g. radiation pressure parameters). The resulting long arc in turn shall be based on n consecutive short arcs and described by six initial conditions and again the same number of dynamical parameters as in the short arcs. • By asking position and velocity to be continuous at the boundaries of the short arcs we obtain a long arc which is actually defined by one set of initial conditions and n sets of dynamical parameters (if n short arcs are combined). • By asking the dynamical parameters to be identical in consecutive short arcs, the resulting long arc is characterized by exactly the same number of orbit parameters as each of the short arcs. • This procedure is not yet optimized because formally all n sets of orbit parameters have to be set up and solved for in the long arc solution (although they are not independent). In order to allow for an optimized solution we derive all necessary relations to eliminate the unnecessary parameters in the combination. Each long arc is characterized by the actual number of independent orbit parameters. The resulting procedure is very efficient. From the point of view of the result the new procedure is completely equivalent to an actual re-evaluation of all observations pertaining to the long arc. It is much more efficient and flexible, however because it allows us to construct 2-day-arcs, 3-day-arcs, etc. based on the previously stored daily normal equation systems without requiring much additional CPU time. The theory is developed in the first four sections. Technical aspects are dealt with in appendices A and B. The actual implementation into the Bernese GPS Software system and test results are given in section 5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867349
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the first year of Earth rotation parameters with a sub-daily resolution gained at the CODE processing center of the IGS (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 479-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words: Sub-daily Earth rotation parameters – GPS permanent network processing – Ocean tides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract.  The solutions of the CODE Analysis Center submitted to the IGS, the International Global Position System (GPS) Service for Geodynamics, are based on three days of observation of about 80–100 stations of the IGS network. The Earth rotation parameters (ERPs) are assumed to vary linearly over the three days with respect to an a priori model. Continuity at the day boundaries as well as the continuity of the first derivatives are enforced by constraints. Since early April 1995 CODE has calculated a new ERP series with an increased time resolution of 2 hours. Again continuity is enforced at the 2-hours-interval boundaries. The analysis method is described, particularly how to deal with retrograde diurnal terms in the ERP series which may not be estimated with satellite geodetic methods. The results obtained from the first year of data covered by the time series (time interval from 4 April 1995 to 30 June 1996) are also discussed. The series is relatively homogeneous in the sense of the used orbit model and the a priori model for the ERPs. The largest source of excitation at daily and sub-daily periods is likely to be the effect of the ocean tides. There is good agreement between the present results and Topex/Poseidon ocean tide models, as well as with models based on Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data. Non-oceanic periodic variations are also observed in the series. Their origin is most probably a consequence of the GPS solution strategy; other possible sources are the atmospheric tides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900000108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combining consecutive short arcs into long arcs for precise and efficient GPS Orbit Determination (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 70 (1996), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The final products of theCODE Analysis Center (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) of theInternational GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) stem fromoverlapping 3-day-arcs. Until 31 December, 1994 these long arcs were computedfrom scratch, i.e. by processing three days of observations of about 40 stations (by mid 1995 about 60 stations were used) of the IGS Global Network in our parameter estimation program GPSEST. Becauseone-day-arcs have to be produced first (for the purpose of error detection etc.) the actual procedure was rather time-consuming. In the present article we develop the mathematical tools necessary to form long arcs based on the normal equation systems of consecutive short arcs (one-day-solutions in the case of CODE). The procedure in its simplest version is as follows: Each short arc is described bysix initial conditions and a number of dynamical orbit parameters (e.g. radiation pressure parameters). The resulting long arc in turn shall be based onn consecutive short arcs and described bysix initial conditions and again the same number of dynamical parameters as in the short arcs.. By asking position and velocity to be continuous at the boundaries of the short arcs we obtain a long arc which is actually defined by one set of initial conditions andn sets of dynamical parameters (ifn short arcs are combined).. By asking the dynamical parameters to be identical in consecutive short arcs, the resulting long arc is characterized by exactly the same number of orbit parameters as each of the short arcs. This procedure isnot yet optimized becauseformally all n sets of orbit parameters have to be set up and solved for in the long arc solution (although they are not independent). In order to allow for an optimized solution we derive all necessary relations to eliminate the unnecessary parameters in the combination. Each long arc is characterized by the actual number of independent orbit parameters. The resulting procedure isvery efficient. From the point of view of the result the new procedure iscompletely equivalent to an actual re-evaluation of all observations pertaining to the long arc. It is much more efficient and flexible, however because it allows us to construct 2-day-arcs, 3-day-arcs, etc. based on the previously stored daily normal equation systems without requiring much additional CPU time. The theory is developed in the first four sections. Technical aspects are dealt with in appendices A and B. The actual implementation into the Bernese GPS Software system and test results are given in section 5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867349
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A sequential auction involving asymmetrically-informed bidders (1983)
    Springer
    International journal of game theory 12 (1983), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1270
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract An example is given of a sequential auction in which, at equilibrium, the expected profit of an informed bidder may be strictly less than the expected profit of an uninformed bidder. This phenomenon is interpreted in terms of the internal game between a player's “types” which arises in a setting of incomplete information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01774302
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neue Ergebnisse tierexperimenteller Silikoseforschung (1952)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 39 (1952), S. 332-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589382
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über eine Bildung von γ-Fe2O3 bei niedriger Temperatur in stark hygroskopischer Umgebung (1952)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 39 (1952), S. 140-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624328
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über das Entwässerungsprodukt Hg2NOH·H2O derMillionschen Base (1956)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 43 (1956), S. 107-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600878
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen equilibrium ofPriapulus hemerythrin (1980)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 36 (1980), S. 427-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hemerythrin-containing coelomic fluid ofPriapulus caudatus shows a relatively low O2 affinity (half-saturation O2 tension P50=8 mm at 10 °C) and a low O2 capacity (near 1 vol.%). O2 affinity is independent of pH but shows a large temperature sensitivity. A major role as a continuous O2 transporter seems to be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01975127
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation of cytoplasmic particles by centrifugation in a density-gradient (1953)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 346-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Erste Versuche zur Ultrazentrifugierung isolierter Zytoplasmapartikelfraktionen aus Krallenfroschleber (Xenopus laevis Daud.) in «Diodon»-Saccharose-Gradienten mit verschiedenen Dichtebereichen zeigen, dass mitochondrien- und mikrosomenartige Zellpartikel in verschiedenen Zonen der Gradienten ins Dichtegleichgewicht gebracht werden können. Die Lage der Partikelzonen in den Gradienten ist abhängig von den gewählten Dichteextremen, woraus abzuleiten ist, dass die Trennung der Fraktionen im wesentlichen durch die Unterschiede in der Partikeldichte bedingt ist. Für die isolierten Mitochondrien wurde so eine Dichte von 1,10 bis 1,20, für die Mikrosomen hingegen eine solche von 1,25 bis 1,30 gefunden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02155842
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental pattern and molecular identification of globin chains in Xenopus laevis (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 406-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Globin transition ; Positive selection of mRNAs ; In vitro translation ; High-resolution electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary High-resolution electrophoresis of larval and adult hemoglobins of Xenopus laevis reveals stage-specific differences in the number and mobility of the globin chains. To establish the relationship between the globin chains and the previously described globin genes, the corresponding mRNAs were hybrid-selected from total erythroblast RNA by representative cDNA clones, and translated in vitro. Electrophoretic separation of the translation products allowed identification of a major and a minor α-globin chain in the larval and adult stages. This also holds for the adult β-chains, however in the larval stage a difference in abundance is only detectable in the β-mRNAs, but not in the translation products, because they comigrate. The fact that major and minor globin chains can be assigned to genes, which are located in two clusters, suggests that the related genes are expressed coordinately, but at different levels. Analysis of the globin patterns during development reveals that transition from the larval to the adult globin chains coincides with metamorphosis. Moreover, there is evidence of two globin chains that are only expressed in early larval stages and hence might be related to additional larval β-globin genes of as yet unknown genomic location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398991
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