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A 27-bp deletion from one allele of the type III collagen gene (COL3A1) in a large family with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV (1992)

Richards, A. J. ; Lloyd, J. C. ; Narcisi, P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 88 (1992), S. 325-330

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ISSN: 1432-1203

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary A large family with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV (EDS IV) has previously been described. Unlike most cases of EDS IV, fibroblasts from affected members secreted near normal amounts of type III collagen. We have localised the mutation in this family to the CB5 peptide of type III collagen, by using both protein and cDNA mapping techniques. Sequence analysis of cDNA revealed a 27-bp deletion within exon 37, a deletion that removed nine amino acids and maintained the Gly-X-Y repeat of the collagen helix. Further sequencing of genomic DNA confirmed its location, and amplification of DNA from family members showed that it was absent in unaffected individuals but present in all the affected individuals tested. This deletion is flanked by two short direct repeats of CTCC; it may have arisen by slipped mispairing, and has subsequently been transmitted to all affected family members.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197268

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2

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A single base mutation in the gene for type III collagen (COL3A1) converts glycine 847 to glutamic acid in a family with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. An unaffected family member is mosaic for the mutation (1992)

Richards, A. J. ; Ward, P. N. ; Narcisi, P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 89 (1992), S. 414-418

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ISSN: 1432-1203

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, an inherited connective tissue disease, is usually caused by mutations in the gene for type III collagen. Here, we describe a glycine to glutamic acid substitution in a patient with this syndrome. Previous studies had shown that fibroblasts from the patient, his mother and brother secreted a reduced amount of type III collagen and also produced an overmodified form of the protein that was preferentially retained intracellularly. Peptide mapping experiments indicated that the mutation was located within cyanogen bromide peptide 9. This was supported by chemical cleavage analysis and sequencing of cDNA encoding this region. Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridisation of genomic DNA confirmed that a G to A mutation converted Gly 847 to Glu. The mutation was present in two other affected family members and also in a third, who was clinically unaffected. Further analysis of this unaffected individual revealed reduced mutant:normal ratios in DNA obtained from both blood and hair samples, showing that she was mosaic for the mutation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194313

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3

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Negative effects of Rhabdias bufonis (Nematoda) on the growth and survival of toads (Bufo bufo) (1992)

Goater, C. P. ; Ward, P. I.

Springer

Oecologia 89 (1992), S. 161-165

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Parasitism ; Growth ; Survival ; Bufo ; Rhabdias

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary The growth and survival of juvenile toads, Bufo bufo, infected with a common lung nematode, Rhabdias bufonis, were studied. Toads were raised from tadpoles in the laboratory and infected 2 months after metamorphosis. Individual toads were exposed to doses of 10, 40, 80 or 160 larvae, which enabled examination of the hypothesis that parasite-induced mortality is affected by worm numbers. Growth of infected toads began to diverge from that of uninfected controls at 6 weeks post infection (WPI) and by 12 WPI the most heavily infected toads were approximately half the mass of controls. No controls died throughout the experiment; however, mortality of infected toads was strongly affected by parasite density. A mechanism for mortality is suggested by the significant negative relationship between parasite density and dietary intake. This parasite-induced anorexia was detected at 3 WPI and persisted up to 9 WPI. Patterns of reduced host growth, survival and dietary intake provide experimental evidence of the negative consequences of parasitic infection in a natural parasite-host system which may also be present under natural conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317213

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4

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Feeding rates and diel vertical migration of copepods near South Georgia: comparison of shelf and oceanic sites (1992)

Atkinson, A. ; Ward, P. ; Williams, R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Marine biology 114 (1992), S. 49-56

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Seventeen Longhurst Hardy Plankton Recorder profiles were taken over a diel cycle in January 1990 to study the feeding of four major copepods over the South Georgia shelf. Ontogenetic changes in vertical migration were followed and feeding cycles determined by gut fluorometry for Calanoides acutus Stage CV, Calanus sinillimus CV and CVI♀, C. propinquus CV and Rhincalanus gigas CV and CVI♀. In common with a neighbouring oceanic site visited two weeks later and reported elsewhere, all four species had a diel cycle of feeding and migration. The vertical distributions of C. simillimus (all stages), R. gigas (nauplii) and Euphausia frigida (postlarvae) were similar at both sites, the night being spent within the chlorophyll maximum at 15 to 30 m. However, the biomass dominants, C. acutus and R. gigas, dwelt below the chlorophyll maximum, about 30 m deeper than their oceanic counterparts. Unlike the oceanic site, feeding at the shelf site was not restricted to darkness, but increased 6 to 10 h before nightfall and finished at dawn; the intervening period coincided with sinking and digestion. Daylight feeding may have been induced by the shorter night, lower light levels or greater food requirements at the shelf site, despite planktonic predators being over three times more abundant. Daily ration estimates for R. gigas at both sites were only ∼2% body carbon per day. These low values contrast with its smaller competirors, whose rations were in the range 5.6 to 27%.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350855

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5

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Diel vertical migration and feeding of copepods at an oceanic site near South Georgia (1992)

Atkinson, A. ; Ward, P. ; Williams, R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Marine biology 113 (1992), S. 583-593

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Twelve Longhurst Hardy Plankton Recorder (LHPR) profiles were taken over a 16 h period in January 1990, in order to study feeding of four copepod species at an Antarctic oceanic site near South Georgia. Vertical distributions of their life stages, as well as those of dominant competitors and predators, are described in relation to the feeding cycles of Calanoides acutus CV, Calanus simillimus CV, Calanus propinquus CV and Rhincalanus gigas CIII, CV and CVI♀. Comparisons with vertical ring-net catches, which were used for concomitant gutevacuation experiments, demonstrated the suitability of the LHPR for these fine-scale studies. Planktonic predators, with the exception of the diel migrant Themisto gaudichaudii, resided deeper than the herbivores. During the day and around midnight, when feeding rates were low, species and stages reached their maximum vertical separation. At these times, new generation copepodites of the four species lived progressively deeper and the overwintered generation (i.e., R. gigas Stages CIV, CV, CVI) were progressively shallower. During the afternoon or evening (depending on species), all stages older than CII, as well as Euphausia frigida and T. gaudichaudii, migrated upwards, to amass in the surface mixed layer. Feeding was restricted to darkness, although R. gigas commenced several hours before dusk. In detail their migration and feeding differed widely, with combinations of unimodal and apparent bimodal cycles. As a whole, the results suggest that (1) feeding could occur during sinking as well as during upward migrations, (2) upward migrations were not always associated with feeding increases, and (3) individuals appeared to descend after filling their guts.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349702

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6

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Temperature and metabolic rate in sedentary fish from the Antarctic, North Sea and Indo-West Pacific Ocean (1991)

Johnston, I. A. ; Clarke, A. ; Ward, P.

Springer

Marine biology 109 (1991), S. 191-195

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Resting metabolic rate $$(\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ was measured in demersal stages of the teleostNotothenia neglecta Nybelin from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, from 1985 to 1987. The relationship between $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ and body mass (Mb) conformed to the general relationship $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } = aMb^b $$ , wherea is a proportionality constant andb is the scaling exponent. $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ (mg O2 h−1) was found to scale toMb (0.82±0.011) in the summer (November to April, 1.6 to 1 850 g,n=56) and toMb (0.76±0.013) in the winter (May to October, 0.9 to 1 850 g,n=57) (values ofb are means ± SD). Although the scaling exponents were significantly different (P〈0.01), $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ was similar in the juvenile stages of summer- and winter-caught fish matched for body mass. The effects of activity on oxygen consumption was studied using a Brett respirometer. Adult stages had a factorial aerobic scope for activity $$(\dot V_{O_{2[max]} } :\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ of 5.7, which is similar to that reported for demersal fish from temperate latitudes. The effects of temperature on resting metabolism was investigated in fish with similar sedentary lifestyles from the North Sea (Agonus cataphractus andMyoxocephalus scorpius) and the Indo-West Pacific (Paracirrhites forsteri, P. arcatus, Neocirrhites armatus andExallias brevis). Extrapolated values of $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ for the tropical species approached zero at 5 to 10°C. For a standard 50 g fish, $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ for the tropical species at 25°C was in the range 3.4 to 4.4 mg O2 h−1, compared with 1.3 mg O2 h−1 forNotothenia neglecta at its acclimation temperature. Thus, the maximum metabolic rate of sedentary tropical species at 24°C is likely to be 2 to 4 times higher than inN. neglecta at 0°C. This suggests that the energy available for sustained activity $$(\dot V_{O_{2[max]} } - \dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ is significantly lower in cold- than in warm-water fish.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319386

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7

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Autumnal mixing in Mahoney Lake, British Columbia (1990)

Ward, P. R. B. ; Hall, K. J. ; Northcote, T. G. ; [et al.]

Springer

Hydrobiologia 197 (1990), S. 129-138

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: Saline lake ; convection ; meromixis ; mixing ; wind energy

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Salinity, water temperature and meteorlogical measurements were made over a 5 month period (June–Oct.) at Mahoney Lake, British Columbia to study autumnal mixing. The measurements were made during a time when the lake had been well stratified by a much larger than average runoff the previous spring. The potential energy of stratification decreased from 50 to 24 MJ, in the top 8 m of the water column, from mid August to mid October. Analysis of the energy available from wind shear on the water surface and from penetrative convection during the autumn cooling period was made. Winds were found to be weak (av. 2.17 m s −1) at Mahoney Lake, and their average contribution to mixing energy during the study period was less than 30%. Penetrative convection from thermals descending from the cool surface contributed an average of 2.21 J m−2 d−1 to mixing which represented 72 % of the energy available. An efficiency factor of 0.20 for the penetrative convection energy, larger than values previously reported in the literature, was found to fit the measured loss of potential energy of stratification during the period.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026945

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8

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Influence of cnicin, a sesquiterpene lactone ofCentaurea maculosa (Asteraceae), on specialist and generalist insect herbivores (1994)

Landau, I. ; Müller-Schärer, H. ; Ward, P. I.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 929-942

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Centaurea maculosa ; sesquiterpene lactone ; cnicin ; host-plant selection ; oviposition behavior ; antifeedant ; attractant ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Agapeta zoegana ; Stenodes straminea ; Pterolonche inspersa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Cochylidae ; Pterolonchidae

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract The sesquiterpene lactone cnicin was extracted fromCentaurea maculosa andCentaurea vallesiaca. We examined its effects on the ovipositional response and larval development of generalist and specialist insect herbivores associated withC. maculosa. For the oviposition trials, three plant species (C. maculosa, Achillea millefolium, andCichorium intybus), half of which were sprayed with 3% of cnicin, were exposed to the specialist mothsStenodes straminea, Agapeta zoegana, andPterolonche inspersa in field cages. All three species significantly preferredC. maculosa to other plants andP. inspersa significantly preferred cnicin-sprayed plants to untreated plants for oviposition. Tested over all species, cnicin significantly increased the number of eggs laid on a given plant. A larval diet test examined the toxicity of cnicin for larvae of the generalist noctuid mothSpodoptera littoralis. Cnicin concentrations of 3% and 6% were lethal and 1% and 0.5% seriously inhibited growth and development. The larvae of theC. maculosa specialistStenodes straminea survived at 6% cnicin, but none of the pupae hatched.Agapeta zoegana was able to survive at 1% and 3% cnicin. Both specialists had difficulties with the artificial diet, but weight increase and survival was not further reduced when cnicin was present compared with on the control diet. In conclusion, cnicin influenced host recognition by the specialist species, and larvae of the generalist did not survive on natural levels of cnicin. Growth and survival of the specialist were not influenced by cnicin but were considerably hampered on artificial diet.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059588

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