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  • Springer  (156)
  • 2000-2004  (156)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 40 (2000), S. 98-105 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Keywords: Strain measurement ; digital speckle correlation technique ; thermal strain ; large mechanical strain ; high test temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a newly developed laser-based noncontacting strain sensor suitable for temperatures up to 1200°C, which was adapted to a commercial tensile testing machine equipped with an electrical furnace. The principle of the strain sensor is based on tracking laser speckles through a digital correlation technique. Furthermore, the description of the signal processing and the optical arrangement is presented. Based on the experimental data, it can be show that this simple, laser-based strain sensor can be used successfully for the determination of mechanical and thermal strains up to temperatures of about 1200°C. Using a special data-processing procedure, it was feasible to minimize decorrelation effects caused by changes in the specimen surface due to, for example, slipband and microcrack formation, surface oxidation and phase transformation and, thus, measure large mechanical strains. The strain resolution for the selected setup was about 20 microstrains depending on the testing parameters.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2000-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4851
    Electronic ISSN: 1741-2765
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0932-383X
    Electronic ISSN: 1613-7620
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 270-275 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Dlx ; Homeobox ; Dentition ; Tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The mammalian Dlx homeobox gene family has been shown to play multiple roles in tooth development, but a detailed comparison of the expression pattern of all members throughout tooth development has been lacking. We provide such an analysis for the six known murine Dlx genes. The expression patterns for these genes allow a refinement of previously proposed models for the role of Dlx genes in tooth type specification and raise the possibility of roles for subsets of these genes in tooth initiation, morphogenesis (enamel navel formation, enamel knot induction, cervical loop growth), and enamel formation. The relationship of Dlx gene expression to their genomic organization suggests coordinate regulation of linked genes at early stages but regulatory differences at later stages.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Discrete & computational geometry 24 (2000), S. 453-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract. We determine and completely describe all pure realizations of the finite toroidal maps of types {4,4} (b,0) and {4,4} (b,b) , b \geq; 2 . For large values of b , most such realizations are eight-dimensional.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Xenopus fibroblast growth factor receptor ; Xenopus fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 ; Induction ; Neural crest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) mediate many cell-cell signaling events during early development. While the actions of FGFs have been well-studied, the roles played by specific members of the FGF receptor (FGFR) family are poorly understood. To characterize the roles played by individual FGFRs we compared the regulation and expression of the three Xenopus FGFRs described to date (XFGFR-1, XFGFR-2, and XFGFR-4). First, we describe the expression of Xenopus FGFR-4; XFGFR-4 is present as a maternal mRNA and is found in the embryo through at least the tadpole stage. XFGFR-4 and XFGFR-1 mRNAs are present at comparable levels, arguing that both mediate FGF signaling during early development. Second, the expression of XFGFR-4 in animal caps differs from the expression of XFGFR-1 and XFGFR-2, suggesting that the FGFRs are independently regulated in ectoderm. Third, using whole-mount in situ hybridization, we show that XFGFR-1, XFGFR-2, and XFGFR-4 are expressed in dramatically different patterns, arguing that specific FGF signaling events are mediated by different members of the FGFR family. Among these, FGF signaling during the induction of neural crest cells is likely to be mediated by XFGFR-4. Comparison of our results with previously reported FGFR expression patterns reveals that FGFR-1 expression is highly conserved among vertebrate embryos, and FGFR-2 expression shows many features that are conserved and some that are divergent. In contrast, the expression pattern of FGFR-4 is highly divergent among vertebrate embryos.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1858
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The present study is focused on the development of a gas sensor for application in a high temperature environment. The sensor has been realised using thin films prepared on silicon substrates including a high temperature stable heating and wiring system. TiO2 acts as sensitive layer. Measurements have been carried out in synthetic gas mixtures as well as in gases in a given application. Neural networks and multivariate data analysis have been used for determining the gas concentrations. The capability to detect CO, NO x , and toluene is shown.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Kinesin ; Microtubules ; Atomic force microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The atomic force microscope has been used to investigate microtubules and kinesin decorated microtubules in aqueous solution adsorbed onto a solid substrate. The netto negatively charged microtubules did not adsorb to negatively charged solid surfaces but to glass covalently coated with the highly positively charged silane trimethoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine (DETA) or a lipid bilayer of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-dimethylammoniumpropane. Using electron beam deposited tips for microtubules adsorbed on DETA, single protofilaments could be observed showing that the resolution is up to 5 nm. Under conditions where the silane coated surfaces are hydrophobic, microtubules opened, presumably at the seam, whose stability is lower than that of the bonds between the other protofilaments. This led to a “sheet” with a width of about 100 nm firmly attached to the surface. Microtubules decorated with a stoichiometric low amount of kinesin molecules in the presence of the non-hydrolyzable ATP-analog 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate could also be adsorbed onto silane-coated glass. Imaging was very stable and the molecules did not show any scan-induced deformation even after hundreds of scans with a scan frequency of 100 Hz.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0948-5023
    Keywords: Keywords Sandalwood odour, Molecular similarity, Molecular shape, Molecular electrostatic potential, SAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The program MolSim designed to calculate the similarity of different molecules quantitatively in a fast and easy way is described. The molecular similarity is estimated for the molecular shape as well as for the electrostatic potentials of the molecules derived from ab initio calculations. A grid-based method is used to determine the steric and electrostatic similarities between a lead compound and the corresponding test set by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient. The superpositioning of the molecules was accomplished with the SEAL algorithm incorporating a Monte Carlo simulated annealing approach while preserving the conformational flexibility of the calculated structures. The ability of the program was tested on a set of Sandalwood odour compounds, a class of substances that is difficult to analyse with respect to its structure-activity relationship because of the structural diversity of Sandalwood odour compounds, in contrast to their high selectivity and pronounced structural specificity. The application of the program on a small test set of these compounds showed that the program is able to explain the Sandalwood odour activity correctly.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0948-5023
    Keywords: Intercalated clays ; Tetramethylammonium-clays ; Modeling ; Molecular mechanics ; Montmorillonite ; Beidellite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular mechanics simulations, combined with X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy, have been used in structure analysis of montmorillonite and beidellite intercalated with tetramethylammonium cations. A complex structure analysis provided us with the detailed structure model, including characterization of the disorder, the total sublimation energy and a charge distribution in the structure of intercalates. The calculated basal spacings (14.36 Å for TMA-montmorillonite and 14.12 Å for TMA-beidellite) are in good agreement with the experimental values (14.31 Å for TMA-montmorillonite and 14.147 Å for TMA-beidellite). Both intercalated structures exhibit positional and orientational disorder in the arrangement of TMA cations, and consequently disorder in layer-stacking. In the present work we analyse the effect of octahedral and tetrahedral substitutions in a 2:1 silicate layer on the arrangement of tetramethylammonium (TMA) cations in the interlayer space of montmorillonite and beidellite. The most significant difference between TMA-montmorillonite and TMA-beidellite is in the charge distribution on the TMA cations and silicate layer. The TMA-beidellite structure is highly polarized, the total charge on one TMA cation is +0.167 e−, while the total charge on the TMA cation in montmorillonite is +0.050 e−.
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