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Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A (2018)

The Ice; Cube Collaboration, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, AGILE, ASAS-SN, HAWC, H.E.S.S., INTEGRAL, Kanata, Kiso, Kapteyn, Liverpool Telescope, Subaru, Swift/Nu; STAR, VERITAS, VLA/17; B-403 teams, Aartsen, Ackermann, Adams, Aguilar, Ahlers, Ahrens, Al Samarai, Altmann, Andeen, Anderson, Ansseau, Anton, Argüelles, Auffenberg, Axani, Bagherpour, Bai, Barron, Barwick, Baum, Bay, Beatty, Becker, Tjus, Ben; Zvi, Berley, Bernardini, Besson, Binder, Bindig, Blaufuss, Blot, Bohm, Boerner, Bos, Boeser, Botner, Bourbeau, Bourbeau, Bradascio, Braun, Brenzke, Bretz, Bron, Brostean-Kaiser, Burgman, Busse, Carver, Cheng, Chirkin, Christov, Clark, Classen, Coenders, Collin, Conrad, Coppin, Correa, Cowen, Cross, Dave, Day, de Andre, De Clercq, Delaunay, Dembinski, De; Ridder, Desiati, de Vries, De; Wasseige, De; With, De; Young, Diaz-Velez, Di Lorenzo, Dujmovic, Dumm, Dunkman, Dvorak, Eberhardt, Ehrhardt, Eichmann, Eller, Evenson, Fahey, Fazely, Felde, Filimonov, Finley, Flis, Franckowiak, Friedman, Fritz, Gaisser, Gallagher, Gerhardt, Ghorbani, Glauch, Gluesenkamp, Goldschmidt, Gonzalez, Grant, Griffith, Haack, Hallgren, Halzen, Hanson, Hebecker, Heereman, Helbing, Hellauer, Hickford, Hignight, Hill, Hoffman, Hoffmann, Hoinka, Hokanson-Fasig, Hoshina, Huang, Huber, Hultqvist, Huennefeld, Hussain, In, Iovine, Ishihara, Jacobi, Japaridze, Jeong, Jero, Jones, Kalaczynski, Kang, Kappes, Kappesser, Karg, Karle, Katz, Kauer, Keivani, Kelley, Kheirandish, Kim, Kim, Kintscher, Kiryluk, Kittler, Klein, Koirala, Kolanoski, Koepke, Kopper, Kopper, Koschinsky, Koskinen, Kowalski, Krings, Kroll, Krueckl, Kunwar, Kurahashi Neilson, Kuwabara, Kyriacou, Labare, Lanfranchi, Larson, Lauber, Leonard, Lesiak-Bzdak, Leuermann, Liu, Lozano Mariscal, Lu, Luenemann, Luszczak, Madsen, Maggi, Mahn, Mancina, Maruyama, Mase, Maunu, Meagher, Medici, Meier, Menne, Merino, Meures, Miarecki, Micallef, Momente, Montaruli, Moore, Morse, Moulai, Nahnhauer, Nakarmi, Naumann, Neer, Niederhausen, Nowicki, Nygren, Pollmann, Olivas, Murchadha, O'Sullivan, Palczewski, Pandya, Pankova, Peiffer, Pepper, de los Heros, Pieloth, Pinat, Plum, Price, Przybylski, Raab, Raedel, Rameez, Rauch, Rawlins, Rea, Reimann, Relethford, Relich, Resconi, Rhode, Richman, Robertson, Rongen, Rott, Ruhe, Ryckbosch, Rysewyk, Safa, Saelzer, Sanchez, Sandrock, Sandroos, Santander, Sarkar, Sarkar, Satalecka, Schlunder, Schmidt, Schneider, Schoenen, Schoneberg, Schumacher, Sclanfani, Seckel, Seunarine, Soedingrekso, Soldin, Song, Spiczak, Spiering, Stachurska, Stamatikos, Stanev, Stasik, Stein, Stettner, Steuer, Stezelberger, Stokstad, Stoessl, Strotjohann, Stuttard, Sullivan, Sutherland, Taboada, Tatar, Tenholt, Ter-Antonyan, Terliuk, Tilav, Toale, Tobin, Toennis, Toscano, Tosi, Tselengidou, Tung, Turcati, Turley, Ty, Unger, Usner, Van Driessche, Van Eijk, van Eijndhoven, Vandenbroucke, Vanheule, van Santen, Vogel, Vraeghe, Walck, Wallace, Wallraff, Wandler, Wandkowsky, Waza, Weaver, Weiss, Wendt, Werthebach, Westerhoff, Whelan, 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Ishio, Konno, Kubo, Kushida, Lelas, Lindfors, Lombardi, Longo, Lopez, Maggio, Majumdar, Makariev, Maneva, Manganaro, Mannheim, Maraschi, Mariotti, Martinez, Masuda, Mazin, Minev, Miranda, Mirzoyan, Moralejo, Moreno, Moretti, Nagayoshi, Neustroev, Niedzwiecki, Nievas Rosillo, Nigro, Nilsson, Ninci, Nishijima, Noda, Nogues, Paiano, Palacio, Paneque, Paoletti, Paredes, Pedaletti, Peresano, Persic, Prada Moroni, Prandini, Puljak, Rodriguez, Reichardt, Rhode, Ribo, Rico, Righi, Rugliancich, Saito, Satalecka, Schweizer, Sitarek, Snidaric, Sobczynska, Stamerra, Strzys, Suric, Takahashi, Tavecchio, Temnikov, Terzic, Teshima, Torres-Alba, Treves, Tsujimoto, Vanzo, Vazquez Acosta, Vovk, Ward, Will, Zaric, Franceschini, Lucarelli, Tavani, Piano, Donnarumma, Pittori, Verrecchia, Barbiellini, Bulgarelli, Caraveo, Cattaneo, Colafrancesco, Costa, Di Cocco, Ferrari, Gianotti, Giuliani, Lipari, Mereghetti, Morselli, Pacciani, Paoletti, Parmiggiani, Pellizzoni, Picozza, Pilia, Rappoldi, Trois, Vercellone, Vittorini, Albert, Alfaro, Alvarez, Arceo, Arteaga Velazquez, Avila Rojas, Ayala Solares, Becerril, Belmont-Moreno, Bernal, Caballero Mora, Capistran Rojas, Carraminana, Casanova, Castillo Maldonado, Cotti, Cotzomi, Coutino de Leon, De Leon Acuna, De la Fuente, Hernandez, Dichiara, Dingus, Du; Vernois, Diaz Velez, Ellsworth, Engel, Fiorino, Fleischhack, Fraija, Garcia Gonzalez, Garfias, Gonzalez, Munoz, Goodman, Hampel-Arias, Harding, Cadena, Hona, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, Hui, Hüntemeyer, Iriarte, Jardin-Blicq, Joshi, Kaufmann, Kunde, Lara, Lauer, Lee, Lennarz, Vargas, Linnemann, Longinotti, Luis-Raya, Luna-Garcia, Malone, Marinelli, Martinez, Martinez Castellanos, Martinez Huerta, Martinez Castro, Matthews, Miranda-Romagnoli, Moreno Barbosa, Mostafa, Nayerhoda, Nellen, Newbold, Nisa, Noriega-Papaqui, Pelayo, Pretz, Perez Perez, Ren, Rho, Riviere, Gonzalez, Rosenberg, Ruiz-Velasco, Ruiz-Velasco, Greus, Sandoval, Schneider, Schoorlemmer, Sinnis, Smith, Springer, Surajbali, Tibolla, Tollefson, Torres, Villasenor, Weisgarber, Werner, Yapici, Yodh, Zepeda, Zhou, Alvarez Romero, Abdalla, Angüner, Armand, Backes, Becherini, Berge, Böttcher, Boisson, Bolmont, Bonnefoy, Bordas, Brun, Büchele, Bulik, Caroff, Carosi, Casanova, Cerruti, Chakraborty, Chandra, Chen, Colafrancesco, Davids, Deil, Devin, Djannati-Ataï, Egberts, Emery, Eschbach, Fiasson, Fontaine, Funk, Füssling, Gallant, Gate, Giavitto, Glawion, Glicenstein, Gottschall, Grondin, Haupt, Henri, Hinton, Hoischen, Holch, Huber, Jamrozy, Jankowsky, Jankowsky, Jouvin, Jung-Richardt, Kerszberg, Khelifi, King, Klepser, Kluzniak, Komin, Kraus, Lefaucheur, Lemiere, Lemoine-Goumard, Lenain, Leser, Lohse, Lopez-Coto, Lorentz, Lypova, Marandon, Marti-Devesa, Maurin, Mitchell, Moderski, Mohamed, Mohrmann, Moulin, Murach, de Naurois, Niederwanger, Niemiec, Oakes, O'Brien, Ohm, Ostrowski, Oya, Panter, Parsons, Perennes, Piel, Pita, Poireau, Noel, Prokoph, Pühlhofer, Quirrenbach, Raab, Rauth, Renaud, Rieger, Rinchiuso, Romoli, Rowell, Rudak, Sanchez, Sasaki, Schlickeiser, Schüssler, Schulz, Schwanke, Seglar-Arroyo, Shafi, Simoni, Sol, Stegmann, Steppa, Tavernier, Taylor, Tiziani, Trichard, Tsirou, van Eldik, van Rensburg, van Soelen, Veh, Vincent, Voisin, Wagner, Wagner, Wierzcholska, Zanin, Zdziarski, Zech, Ziegler, Zorn, Zywucka, Savchenko, Ferrigno, Bazzano, Diehl, Kuulkers, Laurent, Mereghetti, Natalucci, Panessa, Rodi, Ubertini, Morokuma, Ohta, Tanaka, Mori, Yamanaka, Kawabata, Utsumi, Nakaoka, Kawabata, Nagashima, Yoshida, Matsuoka, Itoh, Keel, Copperwheat, Steele, Cenko, Evans, Fox, Kennea, Marshall, Osborne, Tohuvavohu, Turley, Cowen, De; Launay, Keivani, Santander, Abeysekara, Archer, Benbow, Bird, Brill, Brose, Buchovecky, Buckley, Bugaev, Christiansen, Connolly, Cui, Daniel, Errando, Falcone, Feng, Finley, Fortson, Furniss, Gueta, Hütten, Hervet, Hughes, Humensky, Johnson, Kaaret, Kar, Kelley-Hoskins, Kertzman, Kieda, Krause, Krennrich, Kumar, Lang, Lin, Maier, McArthur, Moriarty, Mukherjee, Nieto, O'Brien, Ong, Otte, Park, Petrashyk, Pohl, Popkow, Pueschel, Quinn, Ragan, Reynolds, Richards, Roache, Rulten, Sadeh, Santander, Scott, Sembroski, Shahinyan, Sushch, Trepanier, Tyler, Vassiliev, Wakely, Weinstein, Wells, Wilcox, Wilhelm, Williams, Zitzer, Tetarenko, Kimball, Miller-Jones, Sivakoff

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2018-07-13

Beschreibung: Previous detections of individual astrophysical sources of neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017, we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of ~290 tera–electron volts. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known -ray blazar, TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multiwavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to -rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy -rays. This observation of a neutrino in spatial coincidence with a -ray–emitting blazar during an active phase suggests that blazars may be a source of high-energy neutrinos.

Schlagwort(e): Astronomy, Online Only, Physics

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Extended gamma-ray sources around pulsars constrain the origin of the positron flux at Earth (2017)

Abeysekara, A. U., Albert, A., Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Alvarez, J. D., Arceo, R., Arteaga-Velazquez, J. C., Avila Rojas, D., Ayala Solares, H. A., Barber, A. S., Bautista-Elivar, N., Becerril, A., Belmont-Moreno, E., Ben; Zvi, S. Y., Berley, D., Bernal, A., Braun, J., Brisbois, C., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistran, T., Carraminana, A., Casanova, S., Castillo, M., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., Coutino de Leon, S., De Leon, C., De la Fuente, E., Dingus, B. L., Du; Vernois, M. A., Diaz-Velez, J. C., Ellsworth, R. W., Engel, K., Enriquez-Rivera, O., Fiorino, D. W., Fraija, N., Garcia-Gonzalez, J. A., Garfias, F., Gerhardt, M., Gonzalez Munoz, A., Gonzalez, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Hampel-Arias, Z., Harding, J. P., Hernandez, S., Hernandez-Almada, A., Hinton, J., Hona, B., Hui, C. M., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Jardin-Blicq, A., Joshi, V., Kaufmann, S., Kieda, D., Lara, A., Lauer, R. J., Lee, W. H., Lennarz, D., Vargas, H. L., Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Luis Raya, G., Luna-Garcia, R., Lopez-Coto, R., Malone, K., Marinelli, S. S., Martinez, O., Martinez-Castellanos, I., Martinez-Castro, J., Martinez-Huerta, H., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Moreno, E., Mostafa, M., Nellen, L., Newbold, M., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Pelayo, R., Pretz, J., Perez-Perez, E. G., Ren, Z., Rho, C. D., Riviere, C., Rosa-Gonzalez, D., Rosenberg, M., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Salazar, H., Salesa Greus, F., Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Schoorlemmer, H., Sinnis, G., Smith, A. J., Springer, R. W., Surajbali, P., Taboada, I., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Ukwatta, T. N., Vianello, G., Weisgarber, T., Westerhoff, S., Wisher, I. G., Wood, J., Yapici, T., Yodh, G., Younk, P. W., Zepeda, A., Zhou, H., Guo, F., Hahn, J., Li, H., Zhang, H.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-17

Beschreibung: The unexpectedly high flux of cosmic-ray positrons detected at Earth may originate from nearby astrophysical sources, dark matter, or unknown processes of cosmic-ray secondary production. We report the detection, using the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC), of extended tera–electron volt gamma-ray emission coincident with the locations of two nearby middle-aged pulsars (Geminga and PSR B0656+14). The HAWC observations demonstrate that these pulsars are indeed local sources of accelerated leptons, but the measured tera–electron volt emission profile constrains the diffusion of particles away from these sources to be much slower than previously assumed. We demonstrate that the leptons emitted by these objects are therefore unlikely to be the origin of the excess positrons, which may have a more exotic origin.

Schlagwort(e): Astronomy, Physics

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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A new insight into the three-dimensional architecture of the Golgi complex: Characterization of unusual structures in epididymal principal cells (2017)

Martínez-Martínez, Narcisa ; Martínez-Alonso, Emma ; Tomás, Mónica ; [weitere]

Public Library of Science

In: PLoS ONE. 2017; 12(9): e0185557. Published 2017 Sep 28. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185557.

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-28

Digitale ISSN: 1932-6203

Thema: Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von Public Library of Science

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Enhanced Topologies for the Design of Dual-Mode Filters Using Inductive Waveguide Structures (2015)

M. Martinez-Mendoza, D. Martinez Martinez, D. Canete Rebenaque, A. Alvarez-Melcon

Wiley

In: Radio Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2015-01-08

Beschreibung: This paper presents novel topologies for the design and realization of microwave filters combining dual-mode and single-mode cavities in all-inductive waveguide technology. Examples of orders three, four and five with one or two transmission zeros are synthesized and designed, in order to demonstrate the validity of the proposals. All the coupling schemes explored exhibit the zero-shifting property, so the transmission zeros can be easily placed above or below the passband. A four-pole dual bandpass filter is also designed to show the flexibility offered by the novel structures. A prototype of this dual-band filter has been manufactured and tested in order to provide experimental validation for these new structures. Important aspects of synthesis techniques, required to obtain the associated coupling topologies and to perform the final physical design of the waveguide filters, are also addressed in this paper.

Print ISSN: 0048-6604

Digitale ISSN: 1944-799X

Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).

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Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 671: A Heuristic Home Electric Energy Management System Considering Renewable Energy Availability (2019)

Victor J. Gutierrez-Martinez, Carlos A. Moreno-Bautista, Jose M. Lozano-Garcia, Alejandro Pizano-Martinez, Enrique A. Zamora-Cardenas, Miguel A. Gomez-Martinez

MDPI

In: Energies

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Publikationsdatum: 2019

Beschreibung: This paper presents the development of a heuristic-based algorithm for a Home Electric Energy Management System (HEEMS). The novelty of the proposal resides in the fact that solutions of the Pareto front, minimizing both the energy consumption and cost, are obtained by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) considering the renewable energy availability as well as the user activity level (AL) inside the house. The extensive solutions search characteristic of the GAs is seized to avoid the calculation of the full set of Pareto front solutions, i.e., from a reduced set of non-dominated solutions in the Pareto sense, an optimal solution with the best fitness is obtained, reducing considerably the computational time. The HEEMS considers models of the air conditioner, clothes dryer, dishwasher, electric stove, pool pump, and washing machine. Models of the wind turbine and solar PV modules are also included. The wind turbine model is written in terms of the generated active power exclusively dependent on the incoming wind profiles. The solar PV modules model accounts for environmental factors such as ambient temperature changes and irradiance profiles. The effect of the energy storage unit on the energy consumption and costs is evaluated adapting a model of the device considering its charge and discharge ramp rates. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the Matlab® platform and its validation is performed by comparing its results to those obtained by a freeware tool developed for the energy management of smart residential loads. Also, the evaluation of the performance of the proposed HEEMS is carried out by comparing its results to those obtained when the multi-objective optimization problem is solved considering weights assigned to each objective function. Results showed that considerable savings are obtained at reduced computational times. Furthermore, with the calculation of only one solution, the end-user interaction is reduced making the HEEMS even more manageable than previously proposed approaches.

Digitale ISSN: 1996-1073

Thema: Energietechnik

Publiziert von MDPI

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Isolation of functional mature peritoneal macrophages from healthy humans (2019)

Ruiz‐Alcaraz, Antonio J ; Martínez‐Banaclocha, Helios ; Marín‐Sánchez, Pilar ; [weitere]

Wiley

In: Immunology and Cell Biology. 2019; 98(2): 114-126. Published 2019 Dec 06. doi: 10.1111/imcb.12305.

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-12-06

Print ISSN: 0818-9641

Digitale ISSN: 1440-1711

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Publiziert von Wiley

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Symmetry, Vol. 11, Pages 532: Intraosteal Behavior of Porous Scaffolds: The mCT Raw-Data Analysis as a Tool for Better Understanding (2019)

Andrés Parrilla-Almansa, Carlos Alberto González-Bermúdez, Silvia Sánchez-Sánchez, Luis Meseguer-Olmo, Carlos Manuel Martínez-Cáceres, Francisco Martínez-Martínez, José Luis Calvo-Guirado, Juan José Piñero de Armas, Juan Manuel Aragoneses, Nur

MDPI

In: Symmetry

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Publikationsdatum: 2019

Beschreibung: The aim of the study is to determine the existing correlation between high-resolution 3D imaging technique obtained through Micro Computed Tomography (mCT) and histological-histomorphometric images to determine in vivo bone osteogenic behavior of bioceramic scaffolds. A Ca-Si-P scaffold ceramic doped and non-doped (control) with a natural demineralized bone matrix (DBM) were implanted in rabbit tibias for 1, 3, and 5 months. A progressive disorganization and disintegration of scaffolds and bone neoformation occurs, from the periphery to the center of the implants, without any differences between histomorphometric and radiological analysis. However, significant differences (p 〈 0.05) between DMB-doped and non-doped materials where only detected through mathematical analysis of mCT. In this way, average attenuation coefficient for DMB-doped decreased from 0.99 ± 0.23 Hounsfield Unit (HU) (3 months) to 0.86 ± 0.32 HU (5 months). Average values for non-doped decreased from 0.86 ± 0.25 HU (3 months) to 0.66 ± 0.33 HU. Combination of radiological analysis and mathematical mCT seems to provide an adequate in vivo analysis of bone-implanted biomaterials after surgery, obtaining similar results to the one provided by histomorphometric analysis. Mathematical analysis of Computed Tomography (CT) would allow the conducting of long-term duration in vivo studies, without the need for animal sacrifice, and the subsequent reduction in variability.

Digitale ISSN: 2073-8994

Thema: Mathematik

Publiziert von MDPI

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Materials, Vol. 12, Pages 3852: Sustainable Lubrication Methods for the Machining of Titanium Alloys: An Overview (2019)

Enrique García-Martínez, Valentín Miguel, Alberto Martínez-Martínez, María Carmen Manjabacas, Juana Coello

MDPI

In: Materials

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Publikationsdatum: 2019

Beschreibung: Titanium is one of the most interesting materials in modern manufacturing thanks to its good mechanical properties and light weight. These features make it very attractive for use in the aeronautical and aerospace industries. Important alloys, such as Ti6Al4V, are extensively used. Nevertheless, titanium alloys present several problems in machining processes. Their machinability is poor, affected by low thermal conductivity, which generates very high cutting temperatures and thermal gradients in the cutting tool. Lubricants and cutting fluids have traditionally been used to solve this problem. However, this option is unsustainable as such lubricants represent a risk to the environment and to the health of the operator due to their different chemical components. Therefore, novel, sustainable and green lubrication techniques are necessary. Dry machining is the most sustainable option. Nevertheless, difficult-to-machine materials like titanium alloys cannot be machined under these conditions, leading to very high cutting temperatures and excessive tool wear. This study is intended to describe, analyse and review the non-traditional lubrication techniques developed in turning, drilling and milling processes since 2015, including minimum quantity of lubricant, cryogenic lubrication, minimum quantity of cooling lubrication or high-pressure coolant. The aim is to provide a general overview of the recent advances in each technique for the main machining processes.

Digitale ISSN: 1996-1944

Thema: Maschinenbau

Publiziert von MDPI

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Agronomy, Vol. 9, Pages 736: Application of Semi-Empirical Ventilation Models in A Mediterranean Greenhouse with Opposing Thermal and Wind Effects. Use of Non-Constant Cd (Pressure Drop Coefficient Through the Vents) and Cw (Wind Effect Coefficient) (2019)

Alejandro López-Martínez, Francisco D. Molina-Aiz, Diego L. Valera-Martínez, Javier López-Martínez, Araceli Peña-Fernández, Karlos E. Espinoza-Ramos

MDPI

In: Agronomy

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Publikationsdatum: 2019

Beschreibung: The present work analyses the natural ventilation of a multi-span greenhouse with one roof vent and two side vents by means of sonic anemometry. Opening the roof vent to windward, one side vent to leeward, and the other side vents to windward (this last vent obstructed by another greenhouse), causes opposing thermal GT (m3 s−1) and wind effects Gw (m3 s−1), as outside air entering the greenhouse through the roof vent circulates downward, contrary to natural convection due to the thermal effect. In our case, the ventilation rate RM (h−1) in a naturally ventilated greenhouse fits a second order polynomial with wind velocity uo (RM = 0.37 uo2 + 0.03 uo + 0.75; R2 = 0.99). The opposing wind and thermal effects mean that ventilation models based on Bernoulli’s equation must be modified in order to add or subtract their effects accordingly—Model 1, in which the flow is driven by the sum of two independent pressure fields G M 1 = | G T 2 ± G w 2 | , or Model 2, in which the flow is driven by the sum of two independent fluxes G M 2 = | G T ± G w | . A linear relationship has been obtained, which allows us to estimate the discharge coefficient of the side vents (CdVS) and roof vent (CdWR) as a function of uo [CdVS = 0.028 uo + 0.028 (R2 = 0.92); CdWR = 0.036 uo + 0.040 (R2 = 0.96)]. The wind effect coefficient Cw was determined by applying models M1 and M2 proved not to remain constant for the different experiments, but varied according to the ratio uo/∆Tio0.5 or δ [CwM1 = exp(−2.693 + 1.160/δ) (R2 = 0.94); CwM2 = exp(−2.128 + 1.264/δ) (R2 = 0.98)].

Digitale ISSN: 2073-4395

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften

Publiziert von MDPI

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