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  • American Geophysical Union  (15)
  • John Wiley & Sons  (4)
  • Acoustical Society of America  (2)
  • The Oceanography Society  (1)
  • 1
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    The changing nature of shelf-break exchange revealed by the OOI Pioneer Array (2018)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 31, no. 1 (2018): 60–70, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2018.110.
    Description: Although the continental shelf and slope south of New England have been the subject of recent studies that address decadal-scale warming and interannual variability of water mass properties, it is not well understood how these changes affect shelf-break exchange processes. In recent years, observations of anomalous shelf and slope conditions obtained from the Ocean Observatories Initiative Pioneer Array and other regional observing programs suggest that onshore intrusions of warm, salty waters are becoming more prevalent. Mean cross-shelf transects constructed from Pioneer Array glider observations collected from April 2014 through December 2016 indicate that slope waters have been warmer and saltier. We examine shelf-break exchange events and anomalous onshore intrusions of warm, salty water associated with warm core rings located near the shelf break in spring 2014 and winter 2017 using observations from the Pioneer Array and other sources. We also describe an additional cross-shelf intrusion of ring water in September 2014 to demonstrate that the occurrence of high-salinity waters extending across the continental shelf is rare. Observations from the Pioneer Array and other sources show warm core ring and Gulf Stream water masses intrude onto the continental shelf more frequently and penetrate further onshore than in previous decades.
    Description: GG, WZ, RT, and MD were supported by the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-1657853. WZ was also supported by grant OCE-1634965. JP is grateful for the support of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Summer Student Fellow Program. AMM was supported by a grant from the MacArthur Foundation. GG and AMM were also supported by a grant from the van Beuren Charitable Foundation for collection and analysis of hydrographic data collected by the CFRF Shelf Research Fleet.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    The role of atmospheric forcing versus ocean advection during the extreme warming of the Northeast U.S. continental shelf in 2012 (2015)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120 (2015): 4324–4339, doi:10.1002/2014JC010547.
    Description: In the coastal ocean off the Northeast U.S., the sea surface temperature (SST) in the first half of 2012 was the highest on the record for the past roughly 150 years of recorded observations. The underlying dynamical processes responsible for this extreme event are examined using a numerical model, and the relative contributions of air-sea heat flux versus lateral ocean advective heat flux are quantified. The model accurately reproduces the observed vertical structure and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the thermohaline condition of the Gulf of Maine and the Middle Atlantic Bight waters during the anomalous warming period. Analysis of the model results show that the warming event was primarily driven by the anomalous air-sea heat flux, while the smaller contribution by the ocean advection worked against this flux by acting to cool the shelf. The anomalous air-sea heat flux exhibited a shelf-wide coherence, consistent with the shelf-wide warming pattern, while the ocean advective heat flux was dominated by localized, relatively smaller-scale processes. The anomalous cooling due to advection primarily resulted from the along-shelf heat flux divergence in the Gulf of Maine, while in the Middle Atlantic Bight the advective contribution from the along-shelf and cross-shelf heat flux divergences was comparable. The modeling results confirm the conclusion of the recent analysis of in situ data by Chen et al. (2014a) that the changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the winter of 2011–2012 primarily caused the extreme warm anomaly in the spring of 2012. The effect of along-shelf or cross-shelf ocean advection on the warm anomalies from either the Scotian Shelf or adjacent continental slope was secondary.
    Description: K.C. was supported by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Postdoctoral Scholar program, the Coastal Ocean Institute, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant OCE-1435602. G.G.G. was supported by NSF grants OCE-1435602 and OCE-1129125. Y.-O.K. was supported by the NSF grant OCE-1435602. W.G.Z. was supported by the NSF grant OCE-1129125.
    Description: 2015-12-15
    Keywords: Extreme temperature ; Heat budget ; Northeast U.S. coastal ocean ; Numerical modeling ; Air-sea interaction ; Climate change
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Dynamics of the direct intrusion of Gulf Stream ring water onto the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf (2015)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 42 (2015): 7687–7695, doi:10.1002/2015GL065530.
    Description: Onshore intrusions of offshore waters onto the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf can greatly affect shelf circulation, biogeochemistry, and fisheries. Previous studies have concentrated on onshore intrusions of slope water. Here we present a direct intrusion of Gulf Stream warm-core ring water onto the shelf representing a previously unknown exchange process at the shelfbreak. Impingement of warm-core rings at the shelfbreak generates along-isobath intrusions that grow like Pinocchio's nose, extending hundreds of kilometers to the southwest. By combining satellite and Ocean Observatory Initiative Pioneer Array data and idealized numerical simulations, we discover that the intrusion results from topographically induced vorticity variation of the ring water, rather than from entrainment of the shelfbreak frontal jet. This intrusion of the Gulf Stream ring water has important biogeochemical implications and could facilitate migration of marine species across the shelfbreak barrier and transport low-nutrient surface Gulf Stream ring water to the otherwise productive shelfbreak region.
    Description: National Science Foundation Grant Number: OCE-1129125
    Keywords: Mid-Atlantic Bight ; Cross-shelf exchange ; Onshore intrusion ; Warm-core ring ; OOI Pioneer Array ; Vorticity dynamics
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  • 4
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    Is biological productivity enhanced at the New England shelfbreak front? (2013)
    John Wiley & Sons
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 118 (2013): 517–535, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20068.
    Description: A two-dimensional (cross-shelf) numerical model of the mean seasonal circulation offshore of southern New England predicts upwelling at the shelfbreak front. Expected ramifications of this upwelling include enhancement of nutrient supply, phytoplankton biomass, and productivity. However, seasonal climatologies of chlorophyll based on both in situ data and satellite observations show no mean enhancement at the front. We investigate this apparent discrepancy with a four-component planktonic ecosystem model coupled to the two-dimensional physical model. Nutrient fields are restored to climatological values at depth, and upper ocean values evolve freely according to physical and biological forcing. Vertical diffusivity is based on seasonally averaged surface and bottom mixed layer depths compiled from in situ observations. The model reproduces the general pattern of the observed cross-shelf and seasonal variations of the chlorophyll distribution. It predicts a local enhancement of phytoplankton productivity at the shelfbreak in spring and summer as a result of the persistently upwelled nutrient-rich slope water. In the model, zooplankton grazing prevents accumulation of phytoplankton biomass at the site of the upwelling. The predicted enhancement of primary productivity (but not phytoplankton biomass) at the shelfbreak constitutes a hypothesis that could be tested in the future with suitable measurements from regional long-term observatories, such as the Ocean Observatories Initiative Pioneer Array.
    Description: WGZ was supported by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) postdoctoral scholarship program, the WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute, and the National Science Foundation through grant OCE-1129125. DJM and GGG were supported by ONR grant N00014-06-1-0739. DJM gratefully acknowledges support of WHOI’s H. W. Jannasch Chair.
    Description: 2013-07-31
    Keywords: Shelfbreak front ; Biological productivity ; NPZD modeling ; Zooplankton grazing ; Shelf break upwelling
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  • 5
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    Modeling of the influence of sea ice cycle and Langmuir circulation on the upper ocean mixed layer depth and freshwater distribution at the West Antarctic Peninsula (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Schultz, C., Doney, S. C., Zhang, W. G., Regan, H., Holland, P., Meredith, M. P., & Stammerjohn, S. Modeling of the influence of sea ice cycle and Langmuir circulation on the upper ocean mixed layer depth and freshwater distribution at the West Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(8), (2020): e2020JC016109, doi:10.1029/2020JC016109.
    Description: The Southern Ocean is chronically undersampled due to its remoteness, harsh environment, and sea ice cover. Ocean circulation models yield significant insight into key processes and to some extent obviate the dearth of data; however, they often underestimate surface mixed layer depth (MLD), with consequences for surface water‐column temperature, salinity, and nutrient concentration. In this study, a coupled circulation and sea ice model was implemented for the region adjacent to the West Antarctic Peninsula, a climatically sensitive region which has exhibited decadal trends towards higher ocean temperature, shorter sea ice season, and increasing glacial freshwater input, overlain by strong interannual variability. Hindcast simulations were conducted with different air‐ice drag coefficients and Langmuir circulation parameterizations to determine the impact of these factors on MLD. Including Langmuir circulation deepened the surface mixed layer, with the deepening being more pronounced in the shelf and slope regions. Optimal selection of an air‐ice drag coefficient also increased modeled MLD by similar amounts and had a larger impact in improving the reliability of the simulated MLD interannual variability. This study highlights the importance of sea ice volume and redistribution to correctly reproduce the physics of the underlying ocean, and the potential of appropriately parameterizing Langmuir circulation to help correct for biases towards shallow MLD in the Southern Ocean. The model also reproduces observed freshwater patterns in the West Antarctic Peninsula during late summer and suggests that areas of intense summertime sea ice melt can still show net annual freezing due to high sea ice formation during the winter.
    Description: C. Schultz and S. Doney acknowledge support by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant PLR‐1440435 to the Palmer Long Term Ecological Research program) and support from the University of Virginia. W. G. Zhang acknowledge support by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant OPP‐1643901). The MITgcm model is an open source model (mitgcm.org). The version used in this study, with added parameterizations and specific configurations, is on C. Schultz’s github (https://github.com/crisoceano/WAP_MITgcm). A copy of the files with specific configurations for this study, the forcing files needed for the simulations, and a copy of the files used for the KPP package are in three separate records on zenodo.org, under DOIs 10.5281/zenodo.3627365, 10.5281/zenodo.3627564, and 10.5281/zenodo.3627742.
    Keywords: West Antarctic Peninsula ; sea ice ; Langmuir circulation ; mixed layer depth ; glacial runoff
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  • 6
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    Frontal subduction of the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf water at the onshore edge of a warm-core ring (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-19
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 123(11), (2018): 7795-7818. doi: 10.1029/2018JC013794.
    Description: This work studies the subduction of the shelf water along the onshore edge of a warm‐core ring that impinges on the edge of the Mid‐Atlantic Bight continental shelf. The dynamical analysis is based on observations by satellites and from the Ocean Observatories Initiative Pioneer Array observatory as well as idealized numerical model simulations. They together show that frontogenesis‐induced submesoscale frontal subduction with order‐one Rossby and Froude numbers occurs on the onshore edge of the ring. The subduction flow results from the onshore migration of the warm‐core ring that intensifies the density front on the interface of the ring and shelf waters. The subduction is a part of the cross‐front secondary circulation trying to relax the intensifying density front. The dramatically different physical and biogeochemical properties of the ring and shelf waters provide a great opportunity to visualize the subduction phenomenon. Entrained by the ring‐edge current, the subducted shelf water is subsequently transported offshore below a surface layer of ring water and alongside of the surface‐visible shelf‐water streamer. It explains the historical observations of isolated subsurface packets of shelf water along the ring periphery in the slope sea. Model‐based estimate suggests that this type of subduction‐associated subsurface cross‐shelfbreak transport of the shelf water could be substantial relative to other major forms of shelfbreak water exchange. This study also proposes that outward spreading of the ring‐edge front by the frontal subduction may facilitate entrainment of the shelf water by the ring‐edge current and enhances the shelf‐water streamer transport at the shelf edge.
    Description: W. G. Z. was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants OCE‐1657853, OCE‐1657803, and OCE 1634965. JP is grateful for the support of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Summer Student Fellow Program in 2016 and 2017. W. G. Z. thanks Kenneth Brink, Glen Gawarkiewicz, Rocky Geyer, Steven Lentz, Dennis McGillicuddy, Robert Todd, and John Trowbridge for helpful discussions during the course of the study or useful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. The satellite sea surface temperature data were obtained from the University of Delaware Ocean Exploration, Remote Sensing, Biogeography Lab (led by Matthew Oliver), through the Mid‐Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (MARACOOS) data server (http://tds.maracoos.org/thredds/catalog.html). The OOI Pioneer Array mooring and glider data presented in this paper were downloaded from the National Science Foundation OOI data portal (http://ooinet.oceanobservatories.org) in July–August 2016.
    Description: 2019-04-15
    Keywords: Frontal subduction ; Warm‐core ring ; Mid‐Atlantic Bight ; Shelf‐water streamer ; Cross‐shelf exchange ; OOI Pioneer Array
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  • 7
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    A regional, early spring bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii on the New England continental shelf (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126(2), (2021): e2020JC016856, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016856.
    Description: The genus Phaeocystis is distributed globally and has considerable ecological, biogeochemical, and societal impacts. Understanding its distribution, growth and ecological impacts has been limited by lack of extensive observations on appropriate scales. In 2018, we investigated the biological dynamics of the New England continental shelf and encountered a substantial bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii. Based on satellite imagery during January through April, the bloom extended over broad expanses of the shelf; furthermore, our observations demonstrated that it reached high biomass levels, with maximum chlorophyll concentrations exceeding 16 µg L−1 and particulate organic carbon levels 〉 95 µmol L−1. Initially, the bloom was largely confined to waters with temperatures 〈6°C, which in turn were mostly restricted to shallow areas near the coast. As the bloom progressed, it appeared to sink into the bottom boundary layer; however, enough light and nutrients were available for growth. The bloom was highly productive (net community production integrated through the mixed layer from stations within the bloom averaged 1.16 g C m−2 d−1) and reduced nutrient concentrations considerably. Long‐term coastal observations suggest that Phaeocystis blooms occur sporadically in spring on Nantucket Shoals and presumably expand onto the continental shelf. Based on the distribution of Phaeocystis during our study, we suggest that it can have a significant impact on the overall productivity and ecology of the New England shelf during the winter/spring transition.
    Description: This project was supported by the US National Science Foundation (Grants 1657855, 1657803, and 1657489). NES‐LTER contributions were supported by grants to HMS from NSF (Grant 1655686) and the Simons Foundation (Grant 561126). VPR operations were supported by the Dalio Explore Fund.
    Description: 2021-07-15
    Keywords: Biomass ; New England ; Nutrients ; Phaeocystis ; Phytoplankton ; Productivity
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  • 8
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    The interaction between warm-core rings and submarine canyons and its influence on the onshore transport of offshore waters (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126(12), (2021): e2021JC017989, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017989.
    Description: Gulf Stream warm-core rings (WCRs) impinging onto the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf edge can induce substantial water exchange between the shelf and slope seas. Combining satellite imagery and idealized ocean models, this study investigates the long-neglected influence of submarine canyons on the WCR impingement process. Satellite images show onshore intrusion of the WCR water concentrated near the MAB shelf-break canyons, indicating canyon-induced enhancement of cross-shelf exchange. Model simulations of the ring-canyon interaction qualitatively reproduce the observed pattern and show greatly enhanced vertical motions and cross-shelf transport in a canyon. The ring-induced transient flow in a canyon resolved by the model is consistent with the three-dimensional canyon circulation driven by ambient along-slope steady flows as depicted in the literature. Cross-isobath flows occur over both canyon slopes with a strong upwelling onshore flow over the slope upstream to the coastal-trapped wave propagation (the upwave slope) and a weak downwelling offshore flow over the downwave slope. To conserve potential vorticity, a subsurface-intensified cyclonic eddy is formed inside the canyon, which interacts with the sloping bottom and enhances the upwelling onshore flow over the upwave slope. The upwelled deep ring water is transported either back offshore by the ring-edge current on the upwave side of the canyon or across the canyon onto the downwave shelf forming a localized bulge pattern. While the former is an ephemeral onshore transport process, the latter represents a more sustained onshore transport of the ring water, both of which have major implication for ecosystem dynamics at the shelf edge.
    Description: XL was supported by the China Scholarship Council; ZR was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1402000). This work was also support by the WHOI-OUC Collaborative Initiative Program.
    Description: 2022-06-13
    Keywords: Warm-core ring ; Submarine canyon ; Topographic influence ; Cross-shelf exchange ; Upwelling ; Eddy
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  • 9
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    Effects of pacific summer water layer variations and ice cover on Beaufort Sea underwater sound ducting (2021)
    Acoustical Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149(4),(2021): 2117-2136, https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0003929.
    Description: A one-year fixed-path observation of seasonally varying subsurface ducted sound propagation in the Beaufort Sea is presented. The ducted and surface-interacting sounds have different time behaviors. To understand this, a surface-forced computational model of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas with ice cover is used to simulate local conditions, which are then used to computationally simulate sound propagation. A sea ice module is employed to grow/melt ice and to transfer heat and momentum through the ice. The model produces a time- and space-variable duct as observed, with Pacific Winter Water (PWW) beneath a layer of Pacific Summer Water (PSW) and above warm Atlantic water. In the model, PSW moves northward from the Alaskan coastal area in late summer to strengthen the sound duct, and then mean PSW temperature decreases during winter and spring, reducing the duct effectiveness, one cause of a duct annual cycle. Spatially, the modeled PSW is strained and filamentary, with horizontally structured temperature. Sound simulations (order 200 Hz) suggest that ducting is interrupted by the intermittency of the PSW (duct gaps), with gaps enabling loss from ice cover (set constant in the sound model). The gaps and ducted sound show seasonal tendencies but also exhibit random process behavior.
    Description: This work was funded by the United States Office of Naval Research (ONR) Ocean Acoustics Program, Grant Nos. N000141712624 and N000141512196.
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  • 10
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    Diatom hotspots driven by western boundary current instability (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 48(11), (2021): e2020GL091943, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091943.
    Description: Climatic changes have decreased the stability of the Gulf Stream (GS), increasing the frequency at which its meanders interact with the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) continental shelf and slope region. These intrusions are thought to suppress biological productivity by transporting low-nutrient water to the otherwise productive shelf edge region. Here we present evidence of widespread, anomalously intense subsurface diatom hotspots in the MAB slope sea that likely resulted from a GS intrusion in July 2019. The hotspots (at ∼50 m) were associated with water mass properties characteristic of GS water (∼100 m); it is probable that the hotspots resulted from the upwelling of GS water during its transport into the slope sea, likely by a GS meander directly intruding onto the continental slope east of where the hotspots were observed. Further work is required to unravel how increasingly frequent direct GS intrusions could influence MAB marine ecosystems.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (OCE-1657803 and OCE-1657855) and the Dalio Explorer Fund. H. Oliver was supported by a WHOI Postdoctoral Scholar award.
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