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  • 1
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    Characterizing genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity across 2,658 human cancer genomes (2021)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0092-8674
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-4172
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Cell Press
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma-anode electron gun (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 5629-5635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The plasma-anode electron gun (PAG) is an electron source in which the thermionic cathode is replaced with a cold, secondary-electron-emitting electrode. Electron emission is stimulated by bombarding the cathode with high-energy ions. Ions are injected into the high-voltage gap through a gridded structure from a plasma source (gas pressure ≤50 mTorr) that is embedded in the anode electrode. The gridded structure serves as both a cathode for the plasma discharge and as an anode for the PAG. The beam current is modulated at near ground potential by modulating the plasma source, eliminating the need for a high-voltage modulator system. During laboratory tests, the PAG has demonstrated square-wave, 17-μs-long beam pulses at 100 kV and 10 A, and it has operated stably at 70 kV and 2.5 A for 210 μs pulse lengths without gap closure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357068
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NaxAu and CsxAu bimetal clusters: Finite size analogs of sodium–gold and cesium–gold compounds (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 5574-5585 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mixed metal clusters of sodium and cesium with gold have been generated in a supersonic expansion from the mixed vapor phase. Their tendency towards binary cluster formation, relative thermodynamic stability, and ionization potentials have been experimentally and computationally investigated. The properties of the NaxAu clusters may be understood within an electronic shell model based on delocalized cluster orbitals, whereas the characteristics of CsxAu are indicative of substantial ionic interactions. Relativistic density functional calculations have been performed to elucidate the cluster electronic structure and to rationalize observed properties which may not be accounted for by the jellium model. The properties of these finite-size clusters are shown to be related to the known bulk intermetallic compounds sodium–gold and cesium–gold (cesium aurid), respectively. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.472397
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of angular dependence of the critical field of barium ferrite from remanence and microwave measurements (abstract) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 6000-6000 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The distribution of the critical field of nontextured polycrystalline ferrite is determined. Barium ferrite samples are saturated in one direction and measured with a field H applied at an angle θ to the saturation field. The measured quantities are the remanent magnetization and the microwave hysteresis including minor loops. Especially the microwave absorption curves allow direct analysis of the critical field as a function of the orientation angle cursive-theta0 between H and the easy axis. Starting with these data a fit of the calculated to the measured remanence curves yield the distribution. The figure shows the critical field distribution of a ferrite sample with large coercivity. Additionally the calculated and measured resonance fields ares are given. All field strengths are normalized to the anisotropy field, which can also be determined from the microwave measurement.1
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342130
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitor for the carbon and oxygen impurities in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1829-1833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A Bragg spectrometer for monitoring impurity radiation of hydrogenlike carbon and oxygen at the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade is presented. The use of fast multistrip proportional counters allows soft x-ray photon counting with count rates above 1 MHz in a simple arrangement. The absolute calibration was performed using a large area x-ray tube with a LiF anode. The concentrations of both impurities are calculated using the coronal model both for ionization and electron impact excitation. The results of the measurements concerning the long term behavior before and after conditioning of the torus walls by boronization as well as the fast plasma processes are presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147522
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low voltage drop plasma switch for inverter and modulator applications (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 2312-2319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A low forward voltage drop plasma switch has been developed for high-efficiency inverter and modulator applications. The switch, called the HOLLOTRON, is based on a grid-controlled, thermionic hollow-cathode discharge. A low forward voltage drop (10–20 V) is achieved by operating the hollow-cathode discharge in a static gas pressure of xenon. The dense plasma generated in the Ba-oxide dispenser hollow cathode is spread over a relatively large control grid area by a diverging magnetic field superimposed on the discharge. Interruption of the discharge current at high current densities ((approximately-greater-than)4 A/cm2) over the grid area is achieved by biasing the control grid sufficiently negative with respect to the plasma. The HOLLOTRON switch has demonstrated voltage stand-off of up to 20 kV, switching times of ≤0.3 μs, and pulse repetition frequencies of 20 kHz at 50% duty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143927
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new cluster source for the generation of binary metal clusters (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 3718-3722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new thermal, supersonic cluster source for the investigation of binary metal cluster formation at thermodynamically well-defined expansion conditions is described. The source consists of two separately heatable cartridges. A first cartridge can be heated up to 1220 K and the second high temperature cartridge reaches maximal temperatures of 1800 K. A temperature difference of 1000 K between the two cartridges can be maintained for at least 3 h. Clustering occurs upon supersonic expansion from a conical nozzle. This cluster source has two main applications: (a) the generation of mixed metal clusters and (b) the investigation of pure metal clusters at various expansion conditions. The performance and applications of this source are illustrated by presenting results of the heterocluster formation of mixed sodium/gold and sodium/silver heteroexpansions. In addition, the influence of the oven parameters on the internal temperatures of the generated clusters is illustrated with the example of Na2. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148015
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution emission and absorption spectroscopy for erosion product analysis in boundary plasmas : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 336-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The highly resolved spectra of the silicon multiplet around 251 nm are studied for plasmas in front of a C/C-SiC target interacting with a nearly cylindrically symmetric low temperature plasma jet. The erosion rates from this target are deduced from the silicon density distribution, which is determined from the line intensity ratios and details of the line profiles. Under the conditions of the plasma parameters in this plasma-target interaction experiment these spectral line parameters depend on the optical depths of the emitting and absorbing silicon atoms along the line of sight. The spectral line central branching ratios of lines with quite different products of absorption oscillator strength and statistical weight are most sensitive to the optical depth. In the case of high plasma jet currents the density of the eroded silicon is found to reach values of up to 5×1018 m−3 in agreement with gravimetric measurements. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149300
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations on calibration sources for soft-x-ray plasma spectroscopy and impurity monitors (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2826-2830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: For absolute soft-x-ray line intensity measurements to deduce elemental concentrations and parameters of magnetically confined plasmas large-area x-ray sources are developed and investigated. These calibration sources use K, L, and M transitions in different elements and cover a wide photon energy (and wavelength) range. From the measured absolute line intensities of these sources the quantum efficiency values of numerous elements for K-, L-, and M-line emission per incident electron are deduced. They represent the basis of simple soft-x-ray monitors for impurities in fusion plasmas. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147112
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of one-sun monocrystalline rear-contacted silicon solar cells with efficiencies of 22.1% (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 4335-4343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: 21.4% efficient rear-contacted cells (RCC) with interdigitated contact grids processed at the Fraunhofer ISE on 1.25 Ω cm float-zone (FZ) silicon are analyzed in detail. The comprehensive description does not only include a two-dimensional numerical device simulation, but also a detailed analysis of the optical carrier generation using optical ray tracing and determination of the losses due to distributed metal resistance and perimeter currents employing circuit simulation. Bulk and surface recombination losses are separated, combining carrier lifetime and open-circuit voltage measurements with numerical device simulation. The interface surface recombination velocity of the thermally oxidized emitter covering the front surface is deduced to be 1500 cm/s and the bulk diffusion length within the 1.25 Ω cm FZ silicon base is 1200 μm. Despite this excellent bulk diffusion length, the simulations reveal that at a maximum power point 80% of the total recombination is due to Shockley–Read–Hall recombination in the base. It was determined that losses due to the distributed metal resistance within the contact grid (including nongeneration losses) caused an fill factor decrease of 1% absolute. Loss currents flowing out of the cell perimeter caused an additional fill factor loss of 1.5% absolute. It was predicted that changing the surface concentration of the front and rear emitter diffusion from 5×1018 to 1×1018 cm−3, while keeping the sheet resistance constant, effected a relative improvement of 3% in the efficiency of the RCC structure. In fact, this modification has lead to an increase in the realized cell efficiency from 21.4% to 22.1% (VOC=697.6 mV, JSC=39.8 mA/cm2, and FF=79.4%), i.e., a relative improvement of 3.3%. This cell has an efficiency of 18.6% (VOC=696.5 mV, JSC=33.9 mA/cm2, and FF=78.8%) if illuminated from the rear side. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1446657
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